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GCSE Biology > Coordination And Control > Flashcards

Coordination And Control Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens at a synapse?

A
  1. The inpulse reaches the synaptic bulb (the end of the neurone)
  2. Vesicles containing the transmitter move towards the cell membrane at the synapse
  3. Vesticles release their neurotransmitter into the gap between the 2 cells
  4. Neurotransmitter diffuses across the gap
  5. The Neurotransmitter reaches the membrane of the next cell
  6. When enough neurotransmitter reaches the next cell an impulse will occur
  7. The impulse travels along the next cell
  8. The used neurotransmitter is broken down by an enzyme
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2
Q

List the structures of the eye (use a diagram)

A 
Eyelid
Ciliary muscle 
Cornea
Iris
Aqueous humer
Pupil
Lens
Suspensory ligament 
Conjunctiva
Eyelash
Sclera
Vitreous humer
Retina
Fovea
Optic nerve
“Blind spot”
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3
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

Any change in the environment around us

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4
Q

What are the 3 main components of the animal nervous system?

A

Receptors
Coordinator
Effector

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5
Q

What is a receptor?

A

Receives/detects the stimulus (e.g. temperature sensors on the skin)

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6
Q

What is a coordinator?

A

Determines the response (e.g. the brain and spinal cord)

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7
Q

What is an effector?

A

Carries out the response (e.g. biceps muscle)

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8
Q

What is the sequence of a response?

A

Stimulus -> receptor -> coordinator -> effector -> response

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9
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

Controls how much light enters the eye

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10
Q

What is the function of the pupil?

A

Space in the iris through which light passes

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11
Q

What is the function of the cornea

A

Transparent front part of the eye that causes some bending (refraction) of light

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12
Q

What is the function of the Conjunctiva?

A

Thin transparent protective outer covering that helps prevent the entry of microorganisms

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13
Q

What is the function of the retina?

A

Receptor of light.
Layers of light sensitive cells that can sense different coloured light (cone cells) as wel as cells that dont sense colour at all (rods)

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14
Q

What is the function of the Lens

A

Refracts light to obtain a focused image

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15
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve?

A

A bundle of nerves that carries impulses from the retina to the brain.

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16
Q

What happens to the eye when focusing on a distant object?

A

Ciliary muscles relax
Suspenspry ligaments pulled tight
Lens pulled thin

Light rays arrive parallel; cornea refracts rays; lens is thin as little additional refracting is necessary to focus light on the retina.

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17
Q

What happens to the eye when focusing on a nearby object?

A

Ciliary muscles contract
Suspensory ligaments slackened
Lens allowed to bulge

Light rays diverge; cornea refracts rays; lens is thicker as additional refraction is necessary to focus light on retina

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18
Q

List some adaptations of the neuron

A

Long length
Insulating sheath
Branching ends

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19
Q

List the parts of a neuron (use a diagram)

A 
Dendrite
Cell body
Nucleus
Axon
Myelin sheath
Schwann cell
Node of ranvier
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20
Q

List the types of neuron

A

Sensory neuron
Association neuron
Motor neuron

21
Q

What is a voluntary action?

A

An action you need to think about to perform.

22
Q

What is a reflex action?

A

An action that occurs automatically- we do not need to think about them.

23
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

A special pathway of nerves called the reflex arc that does away with thinking time.

24
Q

What happens at a reflex arc.

A 
Stimulus.
Goes along the sensory neutrons.
Meets the cell body of the sensory neurone.
Travels into the spinal nerve.
Meets relay neurone.
Meets motor neurones.
Travels along motor neurone.
Message from motor neurone makes muscle contract.
25
Q

What is a hormone?

A

Chemicals produced by glands that travel through the blood to specific organs.

26
Q

What hormone controls blood sugar levels?

A

Insulin

27
Q

What can happen if blood sugar levels get too high?

A

Cell damage.

28
Q

Where is insulin produced?

A

Pancreas

29
Q

How do cells in the liver respond to insulin?

A

Increasing their uptake / absorption of glucose
Increasing their respiratory rate
Converting glucose into glycogen for storage (there are also glycogen stores found in muscles)

30
Q

What is the mechanism that insulin uses to control blood sugar levels?

A

Negative feedback.

31
Q

What is diabetes?

A

Where people fail to produce insulin or fail to respond to it correctly.

32
Q

What are the symptoms of diabetes?

A

High blood sugar levels, glucose in urine, excessive thirst, lethargy and frequent need to urinate.

33
Q

What could happen if diabetes is not treated?

A

Kidney damage, eye damage, stroke and heart disease.

34
Q

What are the 2 common types of diabetes.

A

Type 1

Type 2

35
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

Controlling the concentration of body fluids.

36
Q

What organ system is responsible for urination?

Label the parts (use a diagram)

A

The excretory system.

Kidney
Renal vain
Vena cava
Urethra
Sphincter 
Bladder
Ureter
Renal artery
Aorta
37
Q

What is the propose of the kidneys?

A

To filter blood.

38
Q

Label a diagram of a kidney.

A 
Renal vein
Renal artery
Ureter
Medulla 
Cortex
Adrenal gland
39
Q

What are some water gains?

A

Drinking
Eating
Cell respiration

40
Q

What are some water losses?

A

Urine
Sweat
Evaporation from lungs and airways
Faeces

41
Q

What hormone is responsible for Osmoregulation?

A

ADH

42
Q

Where is ADH produced?

A

The part of the brain responsible for monitoring concentration of blood - Medulla.

43
Q

What effect does ADH have on the kidneys.

A

Allows the medulla to absorb more water.

If lots of water is being lost, ADH is produced.
If there is too much water, little to no ADH is produced.

44
Q

What is phototropism?

A

Plants grow towards light.

45
Q

What hormone is responsible for phototropism?

A

Auxin.

46
Q

How does phototropism work?

A

The shoot tip is sensitive to light and produces auxin. Auxin is light sensitive, and diffuses away from light, accumulating on the shaded side. This causes the cells on the shaded side to elongate faster than on the illuminated side. This is known as differential growth. This causes the stem to bend towards the light.

Auxin is responsible for cell elongation.

47
Q

What is the definition of negative feedback?

A

A negative feedback control system responds when conditions change from the ideal or set point and returns conditions to this set point. There is a continuous cycle of events in negative feedback.

E.g a thermostat.

48
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintaining a constant internal environment.

GCSE Biology (12 decks)

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