Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GCSE Biology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
GCSE Geography - AQA flashcards AP® Biology flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route B flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route A flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route A flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route B flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

List the structures of an animal cell

A

Nucleus
Nuclear membrane
Cytoplasm
Cell membranes
Mitochondrion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List the structures of a plant cell

A

Chloroplast
Cellulose cell wall
Permanent vacuole
Nucleus
Nuclear membrane
Cytoplasm
Cell membranes
Mitochondrion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a cell membrane?

A

A selectively permeable membrane which forms a boundary around cell and controls what goes in and out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is cytoplasm

A

Where chemical reactions take place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Surrounded by the nuclear membrane, it contains the chromosomes. Each chromosome is made of one molecule of DNA. The nucleus is often referred to as the control centre of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

Structures within the cytoplasm within which the chemical reactions of respiration take place.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a cellulose cell wall?

A

A rigid structure outside the cell membrane that provides support.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a permanent vacuole?

A

Contains cell sap and when full pushes the cell membrane against the wall, providing support.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a chloroplast?

A

Contains chlorophyll.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

A green pigment that traps light for photosynthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

List the structures of bacterial cells.

A

Cytoplasm
Non-cellulose cell wall
Plasmid DNA
Bacterial DNA (Chromosomal (DNA))
Flagellum (not always present)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is bacterial DNA?

A

Bacterial DNA is arranged in a single circular strand in the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is plasmid DNA?

A

Small rings of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a flagellum?

A

A tail-like extension that allows the bacterium to swim.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

List the parts of a microscope. (Look at a diagram and label the parts if you can.)

A

Eyepiece
Viewing tube
Arm
Objective lens (low, medium and high power)
Stage
Stage clips
Focusing knob (fine and course)
Diaphragm
Light source
Base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a slide?

A

A thin piece of glass used to hold objects under a microscope

17
Q

How do you prepare a slide of plant cells?

A
  1. Peel a thin, transparent layer of epidermal cells, this is a single layer of cells found inside an onion.
  2. Place cells on a microscope slide.
  3. Add a drop of water or iodine (a chemical stain)
  4. Lower a coverslip onto the onion cells using forceps or a mounted needle. This needs to be done gently to prevent trapping air bubbles.
18
Q

How do you prepare a slide of animal cells?

A
  1. Remove cells from the inside of your cheek using a Cotten bud.
  2. Smear the Cotten bud onto a microscope slide.
  3. Add a drop of methylene blue (a chemical stain)
  4. Lower a coverslip onto the cheek cells using forceps or a mounted needle. This needs to be done gently to prevent trapping air bubbles.
19
Q

How do you use a light microscope?

A

Start with a low power lens, as the field of view will be wider and it’s easier to find what you’re looking for.

Once you have found the cells, ensure they are in the middle of the field of view, then rotate to a higher power lens. Extra care is needed as the the lens can be damaged when it’s this close to the slide.

20
Q

How do you work out total magnification?

A

Eyepiece magnification x objective lens magnification

21
Q

How should you draw biological thingie magigies?

A

In pencil (not sketchy)
Large, with the same proportions as the observed cell
Labelled using separate ruled lines
Given a title that includes its magnification or size

22
Q

What is the arrangement of the microscopy triangle?

A

. Size of image

        ———————— Actual size        X          Magnification
23
Q

What are the units of length used in biology?

A

Metre (m) 1m=1m
Millimetre (mm) 1m=1000mm
Micrometre (μm) 1m=1000000μm

24
Q

How can you calculate magnification when given a scale bar?

A
  1. Measure the scale bar image (beside drawing) in mm.
  2. Convert to μm (multiply by 1000)
  3. Magnification = scale bar image divided by actual scale bar length (written on the scale bar)

E.g.

Image length of scale bar = 10mm
= 10 x 1000 = 10000 μm
Actual length of scale bar = 100μm
Magnification = I/A = 10000/100 = 100 times

25
Q

What is an electron microscope?

A

Powerful microscopes that pass beams of electrons through a specimen, which gives them a much greater resolution than a light microscope.

26
Q

What is resolution?

A

The ability to show detail.
It’s measured in dots per inch (dpi)

27
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The random movement of substances from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.

E.g. oxygen moving from a high concentration in the lungs to a low concentration in the blood.

28
Q

What is the rate of diffusion affected by?

A

Concentration gradient.
A larger difference in the high and low concentrations increases the diffusion rate.

Temperature.
A higher temperature provides particles with more kinetic energy increasing diffusion rate.

Surface area.
A larger surface area through which diffusion can happen increases the diffusion rate.

29
Q

What is the square cube law?

A

As an object increases in size, it’s volume increases much faster than its surface area.

This means that organisms that rely on diffusion alone for respiration need to stay small, otherwise they wouldn’t be able to absorb enough oxygen to survive.

30
Q

What is the order of complexity in multicellular bodies?

A

Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
Organism

31
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Simple unspecialised cells, which can divide to form cells of the same type or differentiate into a variety of specialised cells.

32
Q

What are the 2 types of stem cell?

A

Embryonic stem cells
Can form a full range of cell types

Adult stem cells
Most have changed permanently, but some can be found in bone marrow. Though these can only become blood cells.

33
Q

Where are stem cells located in plants?

A

Meristems.

34
Q

What are the benefits to using stem cells in medicine?

A

Treating leukaemia. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy destroy white blood cells, stopping their bone marrow from producing new cells. A bone marrow transplant containing stem cells allows healthy blood cells to be made in the patient.

35
Q

What are the risks to using stem cells in medicine?

A

Risk of infection from the environment (and donor) as chemotherapy and radiotherapy leave the patient with no immune system

Stem cells may divide in an uncontrolled manner leading to the formation of tumours or the development of unwanted cell types.

Transfer of viruses or diseases from other animals.

GCSE Biology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions