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IB Bio > Transport and Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Transport and Gas Exchange Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration

A

The transport of oxygen to cells producing energy. Three processes: ventilation, gas exchange, cellular respiration

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2
Q

Ventilation

A

The exchange of air between lungs and atmosphere (through breathing)

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3
Q

Gas Exchange

A

Gas exchange: The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli (lungs) and in the bloodstream (by diffusion)

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4
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

The release of ATP from organic molecules (enhanced by oxygen – aerobic respiration)

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5
Q

Trachea

A

Tube that allows air to travel into and out of the lungs to and from the atmosphere

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6
Q

Lungs

A

Take in fresh air (oxygen) from atmosphere and get rid of carbon dioxide from blood

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7
Q

Bronchi

A

Tubes (right and left) that carry air into lungs (from trachea) and out of lungs

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8
Q

Bronchioles

A

Smaller tubes that carry air to and from the alveoli (from the bronchi) - ↑SA

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9
Q

Alveoli

A

Clusters of air sacs (↑SA) at ends of bronchioles - Gas exchange with the blood (O2 and CO2)

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10
Q

pneumocytes

A

Cells that make up the lining of each alveolus, (lining is VERY THIN - only one cell layer thick)

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11
Q

type I pneumocytes

A

squamous (flattened) and extremely thin to minimize diffusion distance and increase surface area for gas exchange; these cells are amitotic (do not divide)

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12
Q

type II pneumocytes

A

cuboidal with granules (store components to make surfactant); function is to secrete pulmonary surfactant - a liquid substance that reduces surface tension (ensuring all alveoli expand at the same rate and none of them collapse in on themselves due to unequal pressure) Note: these cells can divide and make both type I and type II pneumocytes if needed

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13
Q

Diffusion

A

net movement of anything from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration; driven by a concentration gradient

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14
Q

Concentration gradient

A

Drives diffusion; results from the unequal distribution of particles between two solutions

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15
Q

Surfactant

A

a fluid secreted by the cells of the alveoli that serves to reduce the surface tension of pulmonary fluids; contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue, which prevent the alveoli from collapsing.

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16
Q

Surface area to volume ratio

A

cell membrane needs enough surface area to adequately exchange gases; as the sell grows -> surface area to volume decreases, reducing the rate of gas exchange

17
Q

Squamous

A

flattened cell: type 1 pneumocytes

18
Q

Cuboidal

A

cubed cell; pneumocytes type II

19
Q

Inspiration

A

breathing in
a. Diaphragm muscles contract (flatten
downwards) and external (on outside)
intercostal muscles contract (pull ribs up
and out)
b. Thoracic cavity volume and lung volume
increase (pressure of air in lungs drops
below atmospheric pressure – air rushes in
through the mouth or nasal passage to equalize)

20
Q

Expiration

A

(breathing out)

  • Diaphragm muscles relax (curves upward), abdominal wall muscles contract (pushing diaphragm up), external intercostal muscles relax (ribs fall), and internal (on inside) intercostal muscles contract (pulling ribs back down)
  • Thoracic cavity volume and lung volume decrease (pressure of air in lungs rises above atmospheric pressure – air rushes out to equalize)
21
Q

External intercostal muscles

A

outside of ribs; contract during inspiration pulling the ribs up and out

22
Q

Internal intercostal muscles

A

inside of ribs; contract during exhalation to pull the ribs back down

23
Q

Diaphragm

A

underneath the lungs; function- assist during in/exhalation; contract downward and flatten during inhalation, relax and curve upwards during exhalation

24
Q

Abdominal muscles

A

includes the diaphragm, contract and relax to assist with your breathing

25
Q

Negative pressure mechanism

A

negative pressure is created when you inhale causing it to be like a vacuum in your chest cavity; draws air into the lungs

26
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

the pressure of the atmosphere

27
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

chest cavity

28
Q

Emphysema

A

a chronic/progressive disease where the walls of the alveoli are damaged (feeling of shortness of breath) - a form of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
- Healthy alveoli turn into large, irregularly shaped structures with gaping holes, ↓ elasticity (so ↑
total lung volume at rest)
- ↓ SA, ↓O2 can reach the bloodstream
- Causes: tobacco/marijuana/fumes/coal dust/air pollution

29
Q

Elasticity

A

the rebound of the lungs after having been stretched by inhalation

30
Q

Lung Cancer

A

is a cancerous growth (uncontrolled cell division) within the lungs

  • Lung tissues become dysfunctional can lead to internal bleeding, coughing up blood, wheezing, respiratory distress, and weight loss
  • Causes: carcinogens (smoking, asbestos)/air pollution/ certain infections/genetic predispositions
31
Q

Malignant

A

Malignant cancer cells can take over healthy tissues of the bronchioles & alveoli

32
Q

Metastatic/metastasize

A

cancer cells spread (metastasize) to the brain/bones/liver/adrenal gland

33
Q

Carcinogen

A

Something that can cause you to have cancer

34
Q

Ventilation Rate

A

The amount of air inhaled in a specified time period

35
Q

Tidal Volume

A

the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle; around 500 mL in an average healthy adult male; approximately 400 mL in a healthy female

36
Q

Spirometer

A

measures volume of gas inhaled/ expelled per breath

37
Q

pressure

A

pressure drops below atmospheric pressure during inhalation; pressure rises above atmospheric pressure during exhalation (rushes out to equalize)

38
Q

volume

A

thoracic cavity and lung volume increase during inhalation; they decrease during exhalation

IB Bio (26 decks)

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