Transport and Gas Exchange

Question 1

Respiration

Answer 1

The transport of oxygen to cells producing energy. Three processes: ventilation, gas exchange, cellular respiration

Question 2

Ventilation

Answer 2

The exchange of air between lungs and atmosphere (through breathing)

Question 3

Gas Exchange

Answer 3

Gas exchange: The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli (lungs) and in the bloodstream (by diffusion)

Question 4

Cellular Respiration

Answer 4

The release of ATP from organic molecules (enhanced by oxygen – aerobic respiration)

Question 5

Trachea

Answer 5

Tube that allows air to travel into and out of the lungs to and from the atmosphere

Question 6

Lungs

Answer 6

Take in fresh air (oxygen) from atmosphere and get rid of carbon dioxide from blood

Question 7

Bronchi

Answer 7

Tubes (right and left) that carry air into lungs (from trachea) and out of lungs

Question 8

Bronchioles

Answer 8

Smaller tubes that carry air to and from the alveoli (from the bronchi) - ↑SA

Question 9

Alveoli

Answer 9

Clusters of air sacs (↑SA) at ends of bronchioles - Gas exchange with the blood (O2 and CO2)

Question 10

pneumocytes

Answer 10

Cells that make up the lining of each alveolus, (lining is VERY THIN - only one cell layer thick)

Question 11

type I pneumocytes

Answer 11

squamous (flattened) and extremely thin to minimize diffusion distance and increase surface area for gas exchange; these cells are amitotic (do not divide)

Question 12

type II pneumocytes

Answer 12

cuboidal with granules (store components to make surfactant); function is to secrete pulmonary surfactant - a liquid substance that reduces surface tension (ensuring all alveoli expand at the same rate and none of them collapse in on themselves due to unequal pressure) Note: these cells can divide and make both type I and type II pneumocytes if needed

Question 13

Diffusion

Answer 13

net movement of anything from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration; driven by a concentration gradient

Question 14

Concentration gradient

Answer 14

Drives diffusion; results from the unequal distribution of particles between two solutions

Question 15

Surfactant

Answer 15

a fluid secreted by the cells of the alveoli that serves to reduce the surface tension of pulmonary fluids; contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue, which prevent the alveoli from collapsing.

Question 16

Surface area to volume ratio

Answer 16

cell membrane needs enough surface area to adequately exchange gases; as the sell grows -> surface area to volume decreases, reducing the rate of gas exchange

Question 17

Squamous

Answer 17

flattened cell: type 1 pneumocytes

Question 18

Cuboidal

Answer 18

cubed cell; pneumocytes type II

Question 19

Inspiration

Answer 19

breathing in
a. Diaphragm muscles contract (flatten
downwards) and external (on outside)
intercostal muscles contract (pull ribs up
and out)
b. Thoracic cavity volume and lung volume
increase (pressure of air in lungs drops
below atmospheric pressure – air rushes in
through the mouth or nasal passage to equalize)

Question 20

Expiration

Answer 20

(breathing out)

• Diaphragm muscles relax (curves upward), abdominal wall muscles contract (pushing diaphragm up), external intercostal muscles relax (ribs fall), and internal (on inside) intercostal muscles contract (pulling ribs back down)
• Thoracic cavity volume and lung volume decrease (pressure of air in lungs rises above atmospheric pressure – air rushes out to equalize)

Question 21

External intercostal muscles

Answer 21

outside of ribs; contract during inspiration pulling the ribs up and out

Question 22

Internal intercostal muscles

Answer 22

inside of ribs; contract during exhalation to pull the ribs back down

Question 23

Diaphragm

Answer 23

underneath the lungs; function- assist during in/exhalation; contract downward and flatten during inhalation, relax and curve upwards during exhalation

Question 24

Abdominal muscles

Answer 24

includes the diaphragm, contract and relax to assist with your breathing

Question 25

Negative pressure mechanism

Answer 25

negative pressure is created when you inhale causing it to be like a vacuum in your chest cavity; draws air into the lungs

Question 26

Atmospheric pressure

Answer 26

the pressure of the atmosphere

Question 27

Thoracic cavity

Answer 27

chest cavity

Question 28

Emphysema

Answer 28

a chronic/progressive disease where the walls of the alveoli are damaged (feeling of shortness of breath) - a form of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) - Healthy alveoli turn into large, irregularly shaped structures with gaping holes, ↓ elasticity (so ↑ total lung volume at rest) - ↓ SA, ↓O2 can reach the bloodstream - Causes: tobacco/marijuana/fumes/coal dust/air pollution

Question 29

Elasticity

Answer 29

the rebound of the lungs after having been stretched by inhalation

Question 30

Lung Cancer

Answer 30

is a cancerous growth (uncontrolled cell division) within the lungs - Lung tissues become dysfunctional can lead to internal bleeding, coughing up blood, wheezing, respiratory distress, and weight loss - Causes: carcinogens (smoking, asbestos)/air pollution/ certain infections/genetic predispositions

Question 31

Malignant

Answer 31

Malignant cancer cells can take over healthy tissues of the bronchioles & alveoli

Question 32

Metastatic/metastasize

Answer 32

cancer cells spread (metastasize) to the brain/bones/liver/adrenal gland

Question 33

Carcinogen

Answer 33

Something that can cause you to have cancer

Question 34

Ventilation Rate

Answer 34

The amount of air inhaled in a specified time period

Question 35

Tidal Volume

Answer 35

the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle; around 500 mL in an average healthy adult male; approximately 400 mL in a healthy female

Question 36

Spirometer

Answer 36

measures volume of gas inhaled/ expelled per breath

Question 37

pressure

Answer 37

pressure drops below atmospheric pressure during inhalation; pressure rises above atmospheric pressure during exhalation (rushes out to equalize)

Question 38

volume

Answer 38

thoracic cavity and lung volume increase during inhalation; they decrease during exhalation