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IB Bio > Topic 1.1 - 2.2 Review of WS questions > Flashcards

Topic 1.1 - 2.2 Review of WS questions Flashcards

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1
Q

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur are elements found in living cells. Which is the least common?

A

sulphur

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2
Q

Which of the following substances are organic?
I. Lipids
II. Water
III. Carbon dioxide

A

Lipids

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3
Q

What causes water to have a relatively high boiling point?

A

Hydrogen bonds between water molecules

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4
Q

What role does iron play in living organisms?

A

As a component of proteins

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5
Q

Explain how the properties of water, that are essential to living things, arise from the dipolar nature of water.

A
  1. oxygen in water is slightly negatively charged and hydrogens are slightly positive
  2. hydrogen bonding due to dipolar nature
  3. Water molecules are cohesive due to hydrogen bonding
  4. cohesion useful in xylem transport
  5. hydrogen bonds with other structures giving adhesive properties
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6
Q

Which of the following features are correct for hydrogen bonding?
I. It is involved in the cohesion of water.
II. It results in the thermal properties of water.
III. It is a bond within the water molecule.

A

I. It is involved in the cohesion of water.

II. It results in the thermal properties of water.

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7
Q

What is a role of carbohydrates in animal cells?

A

As energy storage

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8
Q

define organic

A

organic compounds contain carbon atoms

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9
Q

state the three most common occurring elements

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

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10
Q

State one function for each of the main four elements in organisms. (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen - CHON)

A

Carbon: forms the foundation of all four classes of organic compounds
Hydrogen: reducing agent in photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Oxygen: used in aerobic respiration in cells to make ATP
Nitrogen: formation of amino acids

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11
Q

What properties of water are due to hydrogen bonding?

A

High specific heat capacity
High boiling point
ice floats on liquid water
High heat of vaporization

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12
Q

What is the decreasing abundance order of elements found in living organisms?

A

CHON

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

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13
Q

SPONCHNa CaFe

A

Sulfur, Phosphorus, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Sodium, Calcium, Iron

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14
Q

Sulfur in living organisms

A

Amino acids (proteins - disulfide bridges)

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15
Q

Phosphorus in living organisms

A

Phospholipids, Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), ATP

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16
Q

Oxygen in living organisms

A

Amino acids (proteins), carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids (dna and rna) aerobic respiration

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17
Q

Nitrogen in living organisms

A

amino acids (proteins - amine groups), Nucleic acids (Dna and Rna nitrogenous bases) ATP

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18
Q

Carbon in living organisms

A

forms the foundation for all organic molecules/compounds, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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19
Q

Hydrogen in living organisms

A

amino acids (proteins) carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, respiration, photosynthesis

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20
Q

Sodium in living organisms

A

osmoregulation, action potentials (nerve signals - sodium channels open, sodium ions rush into nerve cell causing depolarization)

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21
Q

Calcium in living organisms

A

muscle contraction, nerve cell transmission (Ca ions rush into nerve cell causing vesicles with neurotransmitter to bind with presynaptic membrane and “dump” neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft)

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22
Q

Iron in living organisms

A

in cytochromes (proteins that make up the electron transport chain - respiration and photosynthesis) in hemoglobin (oxygen transport in blood)

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23
Q

Muscle contraction

A

calcium is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum to bind to troponin to expose myosin binding sites

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24
Q

Outline one therapeutic use of stem cells

A

Stem cells can be used to replace damaged or diseased tissue with healthy and functioning cells. You trigger the cell with a solution to trigger their differentiation into the desired cell type and then surgically implant the cells into the tissue. Then you suppress the immune system to prevent rejection and monitor the cell growth watching for cancerous activity. An example of this is the treatment of Stargardt’s Disease or bone marrow transplant

bone marrow - stem cells give rise to WBC’s, RBC’s, and platelets. used to treat cancer patients, chemotherapy = kills both cancer and healthy cells (can’t produce blood cells on their own) bone marrow cells harvested BEFORE chemo (or use a donor); after chemo cells are translated back into the body to produce healthy blood cells again

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25
Distinguish between resolution and magnification when applied to electron microscopy
magnification - the number in which the object is blown up (x40) resolution allows the viewer to see detail and distinguish between different specimen or cells
26
What is the correct order of increasing size for the width of a virus, the width of bacterium, the thickness of a cell surface membrane, and the diameter of a eukaryotic cell?
1) the thickness of a cell surface membrane 2) the width of a virus 3) the width of a bacterium 4) the diameter of a eukaryotic cell
27
compare the relative size of a molecule, thickness of a cell membrane, viruses, bacteria, organelles, and eukaryotic cells
``` molecule = 1 nm thickness of a cell membrane = 10 nm viruses = 100 nm bacteria = 1 um organelles = up to 10 um eukaryotic cells = up to 100 um ``` 1, 10, 100 (first three are nm, last three are um)
28
Explain the importance of the surface area to volume ratio in limiting cell size
cell has larger surface area - able to move more wastes and heat out of the cell and resources into the cell as cell continues to grow - volume will increase at a faster rate than the surface area - decreases the SA/C ratio *if the metabolic rate is greater than the exchange rate, the cell will eventually die *if cell becomes to large - they will divide in order to restore the SA/V ratio
29
A student observes and draws an Amoeba, using the high power lens of a microscope. The diameter of the drawing is 100 mm. The actual diameter of the Amoeba is 100 um. What is the magnification of the drawing
100 mm / 100 um = 1000
30
If a red blood cell has a diameter of 8 um and a student shows it with a diameter of 40 mm in a drawing, what is the magnification of the drawing?
40 mm / 8 um = x5000
31
What method provides biochemical evidence that cells have begun to differentiate?
Analysis of the proteins
32
What functions of life are carried out by all unicellular organisms?
growth, homeostasis, metabolism, response
33
What happens to the cell surface area to volume ratio as a cell grows?
It decreases, so rate of gas exchange is low | cells divide when they are too large to maintain high SA:V ratio
34
In viewing an electron micrograph of a cell, ribosomes, pili, and a single circular chromosome are observed. What other structure is likely to be present?
a plasmid
35
What describes the functions of the following organelles?
processing of proteins | synthesis of proteins for cell secretion
36
Which of the following structures are present in both plant and animal cells? cell wall chloroplast mitochondria
Mitochondria
37
State one function of the mitochondria
(powerhouse of the cell) | Produces ATP
38
In what way are eukaryotic chromosomes different from prokaryotic chromosomes? a) protein is present; protein is absent b) DNA is present; DNA is absent c) RNA is present; RNA is absent d) RNA is absent; RNA is present
a) protein is present; protein is absent
39
What organelles have a transport function?
Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum
40
What pair of features is correct for both plant and prokaryotic cells? a) able to change shape; fixed shape b) contains DNA associated w protein; contains naked DNA c) DNA enclosed by a membrane; DNA associated with protein d) chloroplasts may be present
b) contains DNA associated w protein; contains naked DNA
41
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells both have...
ribosomes
42
which of the following features is/are present in mitochondria but not in chloroplasts? DNA and ribosomes outer and inner membranes cristae
cristae
43
which combination of features is found in most plant and animals cells? a) plasma membrane, lyosome, golgi apparatus b) cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes c) rough ER, nucleus, centrioles d) plastids, cytoplasm, nucleus
b) cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes
44
what route is used to export proteins from the cell?
rough endoplasmic reticulum -> golgi apparatus -> plasma membrane
45
state one difference between the proteins produced by free ribosomes and those produced by ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
the protein from the RER is sent to the Golgi apparatus while the protein from the free ribosomes make proteins that stay in the cell
46
how many mm equal um
1 mm = 1000 um
47
state one function of the lysosome
hydrolytic enzymes for intercellular digestion (digestion of structures that are not needed within cells)
48
state one function of the golgi apparatus
transports cellular materials
49
state one function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
protein synthesis
50
state one function of the nucleus
cell control and reproduction | storage and protection of chromosomes
51
state one function of the mitochondria
produces ATP
52
state the function of the ribosome
protein synthesis or making proteins that stay in the cell
53
structure of the nucleus
region containing chromosomes, surrounded by a double membrane in which there are pores
54
structure of ribosome
small spherical structures consisting of two subunits
55
structure of lysosome
spherical organelles, surrounded by a single membrane and containing hydrolytic enzymes
56
structure of mitochondria
organelles surrounded by two membranes, the inner of which is folded inwards
57
What is a characteristic of organelles
they are sub-cellular
58
What are the three domains of living organisms
archaea, eubacteria, eukaryotes
59
what is the difference between a cell in the G1 phase and a cell in the G2 phase of the cell cycle
a cell in the g2 phase would have more mitochondria than a cell in the g1 phase
60
what are homologous chromosomes
non-identical chromosomes with the same genes in the same sequence but not necessarily the same alleles
61
A somatic cell in a male chimpanzee contains 48 chromosomes. It is about to undergo mitosis. How many molecules of DNA will be present in the nucleus of the cells just after mitosis?
48
62
During the reproduction in flowering plants, an embryo sac is produced, containing one haploid nucleus. This haploid divides by mitosis three times. What is produced?
8 haploid cells
63
which of the following does not occur during interphase replication translation cytokinesis an increase in the number of mitochondria
cytokinesis
64
Deduce two processes that occur in human cells during interphase of the cell cycle, but not during mitosis
DNA synthesis | cell growth
65
What is the sequence of stages during the cell cycle?
G1 - S - G2 - mitosis - cytokinesis
66
state the process that results in tumor (cancer) formation or development
uncontrolled cell division
67
which events occur during the g1 phase and the s phase of the cell cycle?
G1 phase - cell grows | S phase - DNA replicates
68
How can cells in a multicellular organism differentiate?
They express some of their genes but not others
69
What happens during the G2 stage of interphase?
Synthesis of proteins
70
Which of the following take place during either interphase or mitosis in animal cells? reformation of nuclear membranes pairing of homologous chromosomes DNA replication
Re-formation of nuclear membranes and DNA replication

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