TRANSPORT Flashcards
0.3 Suppose if you are associated with a
highway project, which drawings will
usually be prepared by you?
Key map, index map, preliminary survey plans,
detailed plan, detailed X-section land
acquisition plan etc.
0.2 What are the basic requirements of an ideal
alignment?
Ans. Short, easy, safe & economical.
Which concept is used in arriving at the
best road system out of the alternate
proposals?
Saturation system i.e. maximum utility per unit
length of road.
What is the thirtieth highest hourly volume?
It is the hourly volume that will be exceeded
only 29 times in a year, which is considered
economical for design.
The length of valley curve is based on the
which criteria?
Comfort condition, head light sight distance.
What are different traffic control devices?
Signs, signals, markings, islands etc.
What are the various measures to
decrease the accident rates?
Engineering measures, Enforcement
measures, Education measures (EEE).
What is the purpose of divisional island?
To divert the traffic into definite travel path at
the intersection.
When are rotary intersections provided?
When vehicle flow rate > 500 vehicle/hr but
<3000 vehicle/hr and at least 30 % traffic
turning right.
What is the cause for the initial concavity
of the load-penetration curve in CBR test?
(a) The top layer of the specimen being too
soft or irregular
(b) The bottom surface of the plunger or the
top surface of the soil specimen not being .
truly horizontal
What is the equivalent single wheel load?
The total stresses due to the dual wheels at
any depth greater than 2S is considered to be
equivalent to a single wheel load of
magnitude 2P.
where, S = spacing between the two tyres.
What is the difference between abrasion
and attrition?
Abrasion is due to moving traffic while attrition
is the mutual rubbing of stones/aggregates
What do you understand by the Mud
pumping in a typical rigid pavement?
Soil slurry ejects out through the joints.
What is the significance of tyre pressure
in the design of upper layer of pavement?
The tyre pressure of high magnitudes demand
high quality of materials in upper layers of
pavement.
If the stability of the local soil is not
adequate for supporting wheel loads, what
measures would you adopt?
The properties of the local soil can be
improved by the soil stabilization techniques
What is the frost heaving?
Frost heaving (or a frost heave) is an upwards swelling of soil during freezing conditions caused by an increasing presence of ice as it grows towards the surface, upwards from the depth in the soil where freezing temperatures have penetrated into the soil (the freezing front or freezing boundary).
What is the Bituminous Bound Macadam?
It is premixed construction method consisting
of one or more courses of compacted crushed
aggregate premixed with bituminous binder,
laid immediately after mixing.
What are W B M roads? What is their
construction procedure?
These are water bound macadam roads. Following are the steps of their construction: (a) Preparation of foundation (b) Provision of lateral confinement (c) Spreading of coarse aggregate (d) Rolling (e) Application of screening (D Sprinkling and grouting (g) Application of binding material.
What do you understand by Grade
Compensation?
Amount of gradient is reduced, wherever a
curve and gradient has to be provided
together
How the pavement is evaluated and how
the strengthening of pavement is done?
Structural evalution by plate bearing test.
Equipment used is Benkelman Beam.
The surface condition of flexible pavement may
be evaluated by unevenness (Bump
Integrator), ruts, patches and cracks.
Rolling Stock?
Rolling Stock: It consists of all the vehicles
that can move on a railway line. Rolling stock
can be classified as powered and unpowered
rolling stock. Locomotives are powered rolling
stock while wagons, coaches etc. are
unpowered rolling stock
What do you understand by the relief of
stresses in rails?
The group of wheel loads, counteract the
bending moment developed by a single wheel
load.
What is the creep in rails & how to prevent
it?
Longitudinal movement of rails, prevented by
using steel sleepers, anticreepers I anchors
and pulling back the rails, etc.
What material as ballast you would suggest
for high speed tracks and why?
For high speed tracks, crushed rock is the
best material to be used as ballast. The ballast must be hard, durable and angular, free from
organic impurities and inorganic residues
What are the advantages and
disadvantages of tramc signals?
Traffic signals: At intersections where there
are large number of crossings, the crossing
streams of traffic flow are separated by time
segregation. Traffic signals are control devices
which alternatively direct the traffic to stop and
proceed.
Advantages:
(a) They provide orderly movement of traffic.
(b) They reduce certain type of collisions.
(c) Pedestrians can cross the roads safety.
(d) Automatic and properly co-ordinated/
syncrohised traffic signals are intact
economical as compared to manual
control.
�:·.Disa’dvantages ,,
(a) Rear-end collision chances increases.
(b) Improperly designed traffic signals may
lead to impact at intersections.
(c) Failure of signal leads to traffic
congestions.
What are the various types of stresses
induced in the railway track?
Types of stresses induced in railway track are:
(a) Residual stresses which result due to rail
manufacturing process.
(b) Thermal stresses result due to the
restraining of expansion or contraction of
rails due to variation in temperatures.
(c) Bending stresses which arise due to
moving of rolling stock. These get
magnified due to dynamic effect.
(d) Stresses due to unforeseen reasons.
(e) Contact stresses due to interaction of rail
and wheel at the contact surface.
What are the different types of bituminous
materials used in road constructions?
(ESE 2016)
Different types of bitumioous materials:
Bitumen material used in road construction
can be classified as:
(a) Bitumen:
(i} Petroleum asphalt
(ii) Natural asphalt
(b) Tar: Obtained when natural organic
materials like coal and wood are carbonized/
distilled destructively in the absence of air.
What are the various tests for judging the
suitability of road stones
Tests for suitability of road stones: The following tests are carried out: (a) Crushing test (b) Abrasion test (c) Impact test (d) Water absorption test (e) soundness test
What are the various tests carried out on
bitumen?
Tests carried out on bitumenf: The various
tests carried out on bitumen are:
(a) Penetration test
(b) Ductility test
(c) Flash and fire point test
{d) Softenoing point test
(e) Test for water content
(f) Loss on heating test
(g) Specific gravity test
(h) Viscosity test
(i) Spot test
U) Solubility testDiscuss •• the desirablel properties. £1
bitumen.
Desirable properties of bitumen: The desirable properties of bitumen are: (a) Adequate viscosity at the time of mixing and compaction. (b) It should not be too much susceptible to temperature. (c) It should not loose adhesion with aggregates in presence of water.
Explain ‘Flexible and Rigid’ pavements.
Flexible pavements: In flexible pavements,
the load transfer occurs through grain to grain
and these pavements . do not PQS�ess flex�r?l
strength.
IRC 37
Rigid pavements: In rigid pavements, load
transfer occurs through flexural strength of
pavement.
IRC 58
What-are the desirable. pro perties· of
_b_ituminous mixes? What-are the step�in bituminous mix design? Discuss brie.fly
Desirable properties of bituminous mixes:
Following are the desirable properties of
bituminous mixes:
(a) Stability: Resistance of paving mix
against deformation under loads.
(b) Durability: Resistance of the mix against
weathering and abrasive actions.
(c) Flexibility.
(d) Skid resistance.
Steps followed in �ituf!1inous mix design:
(a) Selection of aggregates which possess
sufficient strength, hardness, soundness,
toughness etc.
(b) Selection of aggregate grading: Densely
graded aggregates are preferred.
(c) Specific gravity determination
(d) Proportioning of aggregates
(e) Specimen preparation
(f) DeterminatOon of specific gravity of
compacted specimen.
(g) Solubility tests on compact�d specimens.
(h) Selection of optimum bitumen content.
What do you unders.tand,by crazing?
Bre a k’ 1ng up of road surface layer through
crack’ · lng Into regularly shaped areas is known
as crazing.
What is a dynamometer car and why ‘Is �t
used?’
Dynamometer Car: It is a railroad maintenance
way car for measuring various characteristics
of a locomotive like tractive effort, power, top
speed, drawbar pull, brake pipe pressure etc.
It was first used in Britain
Discuss the necessity and effects of coning
of wheels and tiling of rails.
Conning of wheels: Coning of wheels is a
method of beveling the wheels to avoid
depreciation to the wheels and rims. In
general, the wheels are conned by a cone of
semi-angle. It is based on the theorem of coning
Rail wheels are usually beveled by means of
a ·cone semi:.angle onne arrangemeril on n ·
20. The rails-are also:fixed at thi_s - identical .·,
angle (1 in·20) to the perpendicular
What do you understand by a railway track
and a permanent way? Mention the
requirements of an ideal permanent way.
Permanent way: The permanent way is the
element of railway lines which generally
include the pairs of rails laid on the sleepers
which in turn are embedded in ballast,
intended to carry the rail traffic. It is described
as permanent way because in the earlier days
of railway construction, contractors often laid
a temporary track to transport soil and
materials at the site; when this work was
substantially completed, the temporary track
was taken up and the permanent way
installed.
Railway track is a major part of permanent
way and it actually carries the train load. It is
ge.[1erally uble headed_fixed to the sleepers
at the bottom head and is made of steel.
What are the objects of signaQiing?
Describe the engineering principles of
signalling
Signalling: At intersections where there is a
possibility of right turn and straight movement
of traffic, there the possibility of accidents
are very high. However due to massive
expansion of cities and consequently in the
number of intersections and vehicles, it is not
possible to deploy a traffic police personnel
at every intersection. Thus different streams
of traffic are segregated by time segregation.
Traffic signals are control devices which
alternatively direct the traffic to stop and
proceed at intersections by the use of
GREEN, AMBER/YELLOW, RED signals.
Principles of signalling:
(a) STOP or RED phase of the signal R1 is
the sum of GO and CLEARANCE intervals
i.e. sum of green and amber signals for
cross traffic i.e. G2 + A2.
(b) Towards the end of RED phase, there may
be a short duration when the AMBER lights
are put on along with RED signal to imply
‘get set go’.
(c) CLEARANCE amber phase is provided
just after the GREEN phase and before
the RED phase in order to provide
stopping time for the coming vehicles to
stop at stop line.
(d) GREEN time is decided on the basis of
traffic volume during peak hour and to
enable the queued vehicles to clear otf
the signal in one cycle.
Explain the necessity of sleeper in railway.
What are the d esirable qualities or
requirements of good sleepers?
Railway sleepers transfer the load of train to
the ballast underneath. Also they hold the rails
in position and at proper alignment.
Requirements of a good sleeper:
(a) It should be economical.
(b) It should have minimum possible initial
and maintenance costs.
(c) The fittings should be such that they
can be easily adjusted.
(d) Weight should not be too heavy or too
light.
(e) It should not be easily damaged by antinationals.
(f) They should ,be caP._�ble of resisting
shock� ano vib.[ tions.
(g) The :.nsulation of ails should be possible
for track circuiting, if required through
sleepers.
(h) It should be so designed that it could
not be disturbed from its position easily
by the passage of trains
·steam traction is _being gradually replaced
by diesel and electric tractions on world
railways”. Why?
Steam traction is being replaced by diesel
and electric traction since steam traction
requires burning of coals which causes
pollution in the air. Also the horse power that
can be achieved by diesel and electric traction
is much higher than that of steam traction.
Under–what .. circumstances and why the
electric traction is being adopted in place
of steam and diesel tractions?
Electric traction possesses the advantage
of being pollution free as compared to steam
or diesel traction. Also it is easier to design
electric locomotives with much higher horse
power than that of steam or diesel
locomotives.
Explain. spot speed, run.rning speed, spacemean speed Ume-mean speed and average speed. How are spot speed studies carried out? . . . (ESE 2016)
Spot speed: It is the instantaneous speed of
a vehicle at a particular:. point or secti�n of a road.
Running Speed: It is the average speed
maintained by a vehicle over a particular
stretch of road, while the vehicle is in mot_ion . ..
It is obtai ned by dividi ng the distance “
travelled by the time for which the vehicle was
actually in �otion.
Space mean speed: It is the average speed
of vehicles over a particular length of road at
any given time. :t
Time mean s peed: It is the s peed
distribution of vehicles at a particular point :
on the road and is the average -of
instantaneous speeds of the_
�ehicles at _
a
spot.
Average speed: It is the average of spot
speeds of all the vehicles passing over a
given point on the road.
There are a number of methods to measure
the spot speeds of vehicles. It can be obtained
by finding the running speed of vehic�es over
a short distance, say 50 m or 100 m. It can
also be o btained by measuring the
instantaneous speeds of the vehicles crossing
a particular section of road.
Explain brieHy the various aspects
investigated during parking studies. What
are the uses of these studies?
Parking studies: It is carried out to assess
the demand by the vehicle users for parking
space that is required to park their vehicles.
(a) Parki ng demand wh ich can be
determined by various methods.
(b) Parking characteristics to assess the
present parking practices I
characteristics in an area.
(c) Inventory of parking space in the form
of a map which shows all the available
kerb parking and off-street parking
places
Explain traffic capacity, basic capacity,
possible capacity and practical capacity
Traffic capacity: It is the ability of a roadway
to accommodate a traffic volume. It is the
maximum number of vehicles in a lane that
can pass a given point per unit time.
Basic capacity: It is the maximum number
of passer.ger cars that can pass a given poi.nt
on a road in one hour under the most ideal
road and traffic conditions. It is the theoretical
capacity of a road.
Possible capacity: It is the maximum number
of passenger cars that can pass a given point
on a road in one hour under the prevailing/
existing road and traffic conditions. It is
generally much lower than the basic capacity.
Practical capacity: It is the maximum
_,., _ · :
-
number of passenger cars that can pass a . given poin{on”
a �o�d in one hour without traffic
· . qensity, being. so great so as to cause
,
-;
unreasonable delay and other hazards/
restrictions to driver’s maneuverability under
the prevailing/existi ng road and traffic
conditions.
What are the various types of traffic
markings commonly used? What are the
uses of each?
(a) Pavement markings: These..are generally
of·.white colour: Yellow colour marl
What are the various causes of traffic
accidents? Discuss the m ethod of
analyzing the speed of vehicle involved in
the accident.
Causes of traffic accidents: The four basic elements of traffic accidents are: (a) Road user (b) Vehicles (c) Condition of the road (d) Environmental factors, traffic etc. The various causes of accidents are: (a) Drivers driving the vehicles carelessly violating the traffic rules. (b) Pedestrians violating the use of carriage way/road which is meant for vehicular traffic. (c) Passengers boarding and de-boarding the vehicles. (d) Defects in the vehicles like brake failure, tyre bursts etc. (e) Road conditions (f) Road geometric design like improper sight distance, inadequate curve design etc. (g) Weather which includes fog, snow, du�t. mist etc. (h) Animals straying on roads.
What is a traffic rotary? What are its
advantages and limitations, in particular
reference to traffic conditions in India?
(ESE 2016}
Traffic Rotary is a road intersection which is
made enlarged where all converging vehicles
move in a one direction around a large island
before they get separated out from the rotating
traffic. It is used to eliminate the necessity of
bringing the vehicle to a halt at signals. Also
the crossing of vehicles get eliminated thereby
reducing the conflict points.
Advantages of a rotary:
(a) The crossing movement of vehicle is
converted to weaving movement and
also the vehicles need not to stop.
(b) All traffic including turning right and
going straight have equal opportunity as
those turning left.
(c) Although the distance to be travelled in
. ‘II a rotary is large compared to s1gnals stt
the overall fuel consumption is less in a
rotary. .
(d) Rotary eliminates the necessity of trafftc
pollee and traffic control staff and also
there is no possibility of signal failure
etc.
(e) The possible number of accidents in a
rotary is less than that of signalized
intersections.
(f) Rotary possess the highest capacity
among all other intersections at grade.
Limitations of a rotary:
(a) Rotary requires a comparatively large
area and thus cannot be used where
space limitation is there.
(b) When pedestrian traffic is large then
rotary itself cannot control the traffic and
a traffic police personnel· has to be
deployed. _
(c) Mixed traffic involving a-large-number�
of cycle use[s makes the rotary operation .
quite complex.
(d) When more than seven roads�are
intersecting or tl}e angle g,f ntersection
of two roads is too acute then rotary.:
operation is compleX. -·
(e) Rotary is not economically feasible where
the traffic volume is too low
Explain grade separated intersections, their
advantages and limitations.
Grade separated i.ntersec�ions: This type
of intersection causes the least oolay and is
also safe for cross moving traffic. The
separation of grades is achieved by means
of a bridge or an under-pass thus eliminating
the cross moving traffic conflict. Ramps are
provided to transform the grade separation.
Advantages of grade separation:
(a) Maximum ease is given to the cross
moving traffic at grade separation.
(b) It avoi·ds the necessity of bringing the
vehicle to a halt.
(c) It increases the overall comfort and
convenience to the vehicle users.
(d) It is an essential part of controlled access
roads like expressways anod freeways.
(e) It is possible to provide grade separation
for all angles of intersection at grade
roads
Disadvantages of grade separation:
(a) It is costly to provide grade separation.
(b) It is difficult where there is a limited right
of way particularly in metro cities.
(c) Its constr�uction disturbs the existing
traffic for a considerable period of time
What’ typ otf ings �are: used :-to· fix ul.
headed raiHron wooaen sleeper?
Round spikes, dog spikes, stewart keys, etc.
0.55 Why is it important for a highway engineer
to study the behaviour of soil?
For a highway engineer it is important to
study the behavior of soil. All roads and
other traffic elements are founded on ground
which requires the study of soil
characteristics. Soil study is required to avoid
the possible failure of traffic structure due to
frost, heave, expansion, liquefaction, piping,
scourin·g etc. Quality and characteristics of
soil determines the type of foundation to be
provided for a traffic facility.
If we consi8er’the creep ofrails, which’tYpe
of sleep’er –aoes not’·need anchoring
· arrangement?”-
Concrete sleeper
In-which- type of the track wear of the rail
is ma>cimum
Sharp curve
.,-
Metal sleepers� are,. sup·erior· than ·the
‘
wooden sle.epers;why
They are more durable.
If we consi8er’the creep ofrails, which’tYpe
of sleep’er –aoes not’·need anchoring
· arrangement?”-
Concrete sleeper
Why·the signals are not-cprovided wnere
-the track- is provided ·with. momentum
gradient?
Otherwise train may stop and momentum is
brought down to zero.
How rail isJixed to steel sleepers?
By using keys between lugs or loose joints.
What. is taxiway�
It connects the runway to the apron
How can we reduce the wear ln·the·rall?
By decreasing the number of rail joints.
Which typ’Evot l is· installed as the
second signal on the main signal post for ‘.
better v�sibility?
Co-acting signal.
What do you understand by traversong
bridge?
Which can be rolled forward and backward.
Which type of signal is provided beyond
the trailing points and switches in a railway
yard?
Advance starter.
What Is the use of. base course In rigid
pavement?·
Prevention of pumping.
What is the advantage of e gg-shaped
tunnel?
It gives the self cleansing velocity even in dry
weather.
What is castor angle?
Angle between longitudinal axis of aircraft and
the direction of movement of the nose gear
What do you understand by the maximum
gross take-off weight of an aircraft?
The empty operating weight plus the payload
, What is’floating dock?
A chamber in which a ship is berthed and lifted
by principle of buoyancy
What is the advantage of heading and
benching method of tunnel construction?
It is easy to take corrective steps in the case
of excessive water
What is the advantage of concrete sleepers?
Improve the track modulus, maintain the
gauge quite satisfactorily.
What are fouling marks?:
The point fixed between a pair of converging
track to indicate possibility of side collision.
What are the various rail tuxtures � required
for the flat footed rail in wooden sleeper?
Bearin·g plate, dog spikes
For welding the raws in workshop which type
of welding is done
Oxy-acetylene welding
Which instrument is used for measuring the:
spot speed?
Enoscope
What. is�the … use ·of thB raii’ tonQs?
To remove dog spikes out of sleepers.
Which test in done for the determination of
softening point of bitumen?
Ring and ball test
In which type of pavement, reflection
cracking is observed?
Bituminous overlaid over cement coocrete
pavement.
What are frontal roads’
These are the roads which are provided to give
access to properties along an important
higrhway
Why the solubility test is done for bitumen?
To check if the bitumen is pure
Whic� os the best binding material used with
stone aggregates tor patch repair work?
Bituminous emulsion.
Which test is done to check the durability
of aggregate?
Soundness test
What is .the· significance of surcharge
weight in CBR-test? -
To simulate the effect of overlaying pavement.
Which type of bars are installed in
longitudinal joints in cement concrete
pavement?
Tie bars.
What is the use of collision diagram?
To study accident pattern, determine remedial
measures.
Whic binder Js ‘ recomrneodec . for the i’ .� . . .
and cold-climate?
Cut back.
Why minimum voids·are required for a
bituminous·mix? �
Voids provide space for densification under
traffic movement and expansion of bitumen
at high temperature.
What.is called·the abrupt lowering of the
_ .road surface due. to poor. drainageT
Subsidence.
What is Black.-spot.in-.Highways?
Black spots are those spots in Highways:
which are particularly dangerous/hazardous.
T hese spots are prone to accident. MORT&H
has identified more than 700 black-spots in�
India.
What is Mass Rapid Transit System? 1 (ESE 2016
Mass rapid transit system refers to public
shared transportation, such as trains, buses .I
ferries etc that can commute a larger numbel
I of passengers from origin to destination on a
non-reserved basis and in lesser time. It mayl
be based on fixed route system such as
subway trains, metros or non-fixed route
system such as buses. It is potentially more
economical, eco-friendly and less time.
consuming. It will help in reducing the eve�
growing traffic in the developing cities. The
main drawback of the system is the necessity
to travel on a fixed rather than an individually
selected schedule and to enter and disembark
from the system only at certain designated
locations.
Why can’t we join.
a·ach_
part of N� by
airlines by reducing airfare? What ar� your
suggestions to connect each part of North
East? What is OSO?
(ESE 2016)
There are already 12_functional airports in N.�.
region. There are alwo· 12 non-operational
airports in NE region. The government is
making an effort to make all of them functiona.
Each part of NE can’t be connected due to
some key issues:-
• Need to for higher public investments for
development and maintenance of
airports. _
• Land acquisition; _
• Technological upgradation ‘
• Leek of trained man power -
• Operational unviability of bigger aircrafts
in some airports
• Non-avai lability of that lands due to
undu�ating terrain in NE regions .
Suggestions:- _
• Development of airports where ever
possible.
• If development of air-port is not possible
then government should start helicopter
services at lesser costs. • Qevelopment of inland water transport
system.
• Maintainence of already existing road
networks in rainy season should be main
priority. • Development of hew roads etc
What are the Technical Problems in NorthEastern regions related to highway
engineering?
(ESE 2016)
Key issues:- • Difficult terrain- • Climate condition • Forested areas • • Civil, political and border conflicts. • Less human workforce • Difficultiy in transferring raw_, m�terials etc
OSD (overtaking sight distance):- The
minimum distance open to the vision of the
driver intending to overtake slow veb�cle ahead
with safety against the traffic of opposite
direction is known as the minimum overtaking
sight distance
What is Transpiration System?
_ (ESE 2016)
n transpiration system, uninterrupted supply
-to water and solutes takes place-from root of
plants to· leaves via the xylem from where
water evaporate into the air. In some plants
transpiration is driven by capillary action and
in some plants it_is driven by root pressure
What is SSD and lSD?
ESE 2016
SSD (stopping sight distance}:- The
minimum distance visible to a driver ahead
or the sight distance available on a highway
at any spot should be of sufficient length to
safely stop a vehicle travelling at design
-speed, with collision with any obstruction.
lSD (Intermediate sight distance):- It is
defined as twice the stopping sight distance.
When overtaking sight distance can not be
provided, intermediate sight distance is
provided to give limited opportunity to fast
moving vehicles f�x overtaking.
How is Road planned?
Planning is the basic requirement for any new
project or an expansion program. Highway
planning includes following phases:-
(i) Assessment of road length requirement
for an area.
(ii) Preparation of master plan showing the
phasing of plan is five years plans or
annual plans.
In order to plan the road system in the
selected region, different studies and surveys
like traffic volume studies, spot speed
studies, speed and delay studies, origin and
destination studies, Parking studies, Accident
studies etc are to be carried out to collect the
data required. The data collected are to be
processed and analysed to arrive at the best
possi ble road network and arrive at the
optimum length of road system.
What are the preliminary steps in highway
design?
Design of flexible pavement highway consists
two parts:
(i) Mix design of materials to be used in each
pavement component layer.
(ii} Thickness design of pavement and the
component layer.
Mix design of materals is to be done by hit
and trial method for d ifferent pavement layers.
For Bituminous layers Marshall method
modified Marshall method of mix design is
used.
For thickness design refer question No. 7.
What is Sight Distance?
E;SE 2016
Sight distance is the length of road visible
ahead to the driver at any instance. Sight
distance is of following types:-
(i) Stopping sight distance (SSD)
(ii) Overtaking sight distance (OSD)
(iii) Intermediate sight distance (lSD)
(iv) Head-light sight distance (HSD)
What is traffic volume & Density?
ESE 201 6
Traffic volume:- lt is the number of vehicles
that pass across a given transverse line of
the road during unit time. It is expressed
asnumber of vehicles per hour or per day, per
traffic lane. Traffic volume is a measure to
quantify the traffic flow.
Traffic density:-Traffic density is the number
of vehicles per unit length of road at that
instant. It is expressed as the number of
vehicles per lane-km of the road. It is denoted
by k.
What are the facto�s affecting proper
aligning of a road?
Factor affecting the alig nment of road are following:- • Class and purpose of road • Obligatory points • Type of vehicular traffic • Gradient • Horizontal curves • Sight distances • Obstructions • Cross Drainage works • Bridg_es • Railway Crossing • Formation Bed • Earth work • Agricultural lanod and Dense forests
How the subgrade layer of flexible
pavements prepared?
{ESE 20 1 6)
Soil which is used in a subgrade layer has
following essential properties:-
(i) Liquid limit to be less than 50%.
(ii) Plasticity index to be less than 25%
(iii) Non expansive soils with limited
properties of fines.
(iv) Maxi mum l aboratory dry density on
compaction as per 18:2728 - part 8 shall
not be less than 1 75 kg/m3.
(v) Depending on the importance of the road,
expected traffic loads and the pavement
design requirements, often a minmum
acceptable CBR value of soil is also
specified for use in the subgrade.
Once the suitable soil fulfilling the
requirements are transported from identified
borrow pits, following steps are used for the
construction of subgrade layer:
(a) Selected soil in loose condition is spread
to thoe required grade and cross-slope in
layer of d esired thi ckness using
appropriate equipment such as blade
grader over the prepared s_u’rface. .
(b) Additional water as required is sprayed
so as to obtain OMC of the soil
determined from laboratory compaction
test.
(c) Added water is mixed thoroughly with the
soil so that water gets distributed
uniformly in the soil layer the mixed soil
is again spread to uni form layer
thickness, grade and cross-slope.
(d) Soil layer is compacted by rolling using
the appropriate equipment.
(e) Repeat step (a) to (d) till the desired
thickness is achieved.
What is Traffic Flow?
{ESE 201 6)
Traffic flow is the study of the movement of
individual drivers and vehicles between two
Height of headlight.
{ESE 201 6)
Height of headl ight above the road surface is
0.75 m as per IRC 66
Where we use flexible and where be use
rigid pavement and why?
{ESE 201 6)
Flexible pavement
(i) When the availability of funds is limited
since the construction cost is less in case
of flexible pavement.
(ii) When the pavement is going to be used
as soon as possible after the
construction. Since in rigid pavement
curing is required after construction and
before use.
Rigid pavement
(i) Places which face frequent rainfall , rigit
pavement should be used since rigid
pavements do not get deteriorate under
wet conditions.
(ii) Whenever the design period is more, rigid
pavement is used.
Shoulder on a highway?
(ESE 2016
In the case of undivided carriageway,
·de of shoulders are provided on the both Sldes of the pavement all along the road. But in case of divided carriageway, shoulder are provided
along the outer edge of the carriageway. The
minimum recommended shoulder width by
the IRC is 2.5 m
Ways of c�ring pavement slab.
{ESE 2016
First of all an approved resin-based
aluminized liqui.d curing compound is sprayed
on the surface and sides of the slab using a
mechanical sprayer. There hours after the
spraying of the curing compound, curing of
cement conc rete p avement is further
continued by covering the pavement surface
and the sides by two to there layers of moist
hessian. The hessian is kept moist for a
minimum curing period of 14 days, by
spraying water
How do we design maximum speed in a
road?
From the date of spot speed studies. A graph
is plotted with average values of each speed
group on the X-axis and the cummulative
percent of vehicles travelled at or below the
d ifferent speeds on the Y axis. This graph is
called cummulative speed d i stribution
diagram.
What is super-elevatoon? Where it is
provided?
(ESE 201 6)
Super-elevation is the transverse �nclination
to the pavement surface to counteract the
effect of centrifugal force and to reduce the
tendency of the vehicle to over turn or skid.
The rate of super elevation is expressed as
‘e’. It is provided on a horizontal curve
Difference between express ways and
highway
National highways are main roads running
through the length and breadth of I ndia,
connecting major ports, foreign highways,
capitals of large states and large industrial
and ·tourist centres including roads required
for strategic movements for the defence of
India.
Expressways are a se perate class of
highways with superior facilities and design
standards and are meant as through routes
having very high valoo of traffic.
How we decide number of Lanes?
ESE 201 6
No. of lanes depends upon the level of service
provided on a highway. As the traffic volume
will increase, level of service will decrease.
To maintain or improve the level of service on
that highway, number of lanes is increased
On what factor pavement thickness
depends?
As per IRC 37 : 201 2, thickness of flexible
pavement depends u pon the CBR value of
subgrade and design traffic. And design
· traffic is a function of:-
(i) Initial traffic after construction in terms of
number of commercial vehicles per day
(CVPD).
(ii) Traffic growth rate during the design life
in percentage.
(iii) Design life in number of years.
(iv) Spectrum of axle loads.
(v) Vehicle damae factor (VD)
(vi) Distribution of commercial traffic over the
carriageway.
What is legal axle load?
ESE 201 6
As per IRC:37 -2012 ‘Guidelines for the design
of flexible pavements’ standard axle load is
taken as 8.16 tonnes or 8160 kg.
As per IRC:81 -1981 , the standard axle load
for the design of flexible pavement overlay
over existing flexible pavement in India using
Benkleman beam rebound deflection method
is taken as 8.17 tonnes or 81 70 kg.
How we decide number of Lanes?
ESE 201 6
No. of lanes depends upon the level of service
provided on a highway. As the traffic volume
will increase, level of service will decrease.
To maintain or improve the level of service on
that highway, number of lanes is increased
What is Bitumen pitch and cutback
bitumen?
(ESE 2016)
Pitch is sticky, gummy substance secreted
by trees. It is also known as sap.
Bitumen pitch is a mineral pitch; a black, tarry
substance, burning with a bright flame. It is
found abundantly naturally in many places like
on the shores of dead and caspian sea. It is
used in cements and in the construction of
pavements.
Cut back bitumen is obtained by mixing the
bitumen binder with suitable volatile solvents
in the required proportion to reduce the
viscosity to the desired level
What is Right of way.
(ESE 201 6
Right of way is the area of land acquired for
the road along its alignment. The width of the
acquired land for right of way is known as
land width.
What is restricted access?
(ESE 201 6
Restricted access highway is highway for high
speed traffic, which has the provisions of
limited or no access to adjacent property,
some degree of separation of opposing traffic
flow, grade seperated interchanges tos orne
extent, prohibition of some modes of transport
such as bicycles or horses, and very few or
no intersecting cross-streets.
How you will decide road path in village?
ESE 201 6
Rural road should be an all weather road that
connects a village with any other village, to
the market centres, to the educational centres
or to the primary and secondary road
systems. Road path in village is decided
using two approaches:-
(i) the concept of minimal
(ii) Inter-settlement interaction approach.
As per the concept of minimal spanning tree,
various link options for connectivity we�e
analysed by considering the flow circ_wt.
According to importance of each lt.nkin optt�n,
they have been weighted. The option givtng
the highest weightage was choosen for
p roviding connecti vity using minimum
spanning three concept.
As per the inter-settlement interaction
approach, link efficiency, route efficiency and
network efficiency are used to generate,
analyse and evaluate alternative road linkage
pattems. In a true sense it attempts at
integrating the rural road network p lanning
process with the overall development of the
area.
How to reduce traffoc conge�tion? ·· . (ESE 20 1 6)
Following tech niques -should be ·used to
reduce the traffic congestion:-
- Provide exc l usive lanes for public
transport. - Use regulations and traffic engineering to
control traffic for exam ple parking
restrictions, turn restrictions, transit ,
exemption from tu.ming requirements,
loading restrictions etc. - · Use innovative ideas to reduce traffic
impacts on public transport for example
use of queue bypass or queue jumps, use
of real time public transport lanes with
the use of real time traffic control devices
If you are not having bitumen, cement then
how will you construct road?
:· -:’� � : _ -. (ESE 20�6)
The stability of embankment slope is �ecked
using the strength param eters ot t�e
embankment soil. The soil selected fo r
embankment construction is subjected to
tests in the laboratory to determine the shear
strength parameter._ Alternatively the slope
may be designed with a minmum factor of
safety 1 .5. Often gentle or flatter slopes are
preferred in highway embankments due to
aesthetics, safety and other reasons. For safer
movement of traffic on high embankments,
the p referred s lope is 1 · (vertical) to 4
(horizontal).
Purpose of grade respirators?
ESE 201 6
Grade respirators are the devices which
provide safety to workers during their work
rom liquid and airborne diseases. It is used
during spraying painting parts, sand blasting
fuel storage tanks, rebarring, cutting guard
rail and steel etc
What can be done for pedestrian in draw
of co’:lvenience and safefy?
(�SE 201 6)
Separate p�destrain faci l ities should be
provided in draw of convenience and safety
like
(i) side-walks
(ii) raised foot paths
(iii) Safe crossing facilities at grade
(iv) Grade seper?ted crossing facilities etc
What is shoulder? What Is difference
between shoulder and footpath?
(ESE 201 6)
Shoulders are provided on both sides of the
pavement all along the road in the case of
undivided carriageway. Shoulders are
provided along the outer edge of the
carriageway in the case of divided
carriageway. Shoulders provide structural
stability and support to the edges of hte
flexible pavements, particularly to the granular
pavement layers . The minimum width of
shoulder is 2.5 m as recommended by I RC.
The purpose of shoulder is to provide
structural stability and support to the edges.
Due to shoulders the capacity of carriageway
will also increase. Shoulders can be used as
an emergency lane while the purpose of
footpath is to p rovide safe faci l ity to
pedestrains to walk along the roadway
What is skidding? How is it different from
slipping?
Skidding means sliding typicall sideways or
obliquely as a result of stopping or turning
too quickly. In the case of horizontal curve if
the centrifugal force developed exceeds the
maximum transverse friction force
counteracting the centrifugal force, the vehicle
will start skidding in the transverse direction
due to application of brake suddenly the wheel
will stop rotating.
Slipping is the relative motion between a tire
and the road surface when the vehicle is
moving on. The slip c�n be generated either
by the tire’s rotational speed being greater or
less than the force-rolling speed or by the tire’s
plane of rotation being at an angle to its
direction of motion
What type of road is laod under PMGSY
scheme?
(ESE 201 6)
As per the PMGSY scheme all unconnected
habitations having population of 500 and
above are to be provided connectivity with
all weather roads. Since these are the low
volume roads, to make them cost effective
following technologies can be used:- .
(i) Use of fly ash in cement for concrete
structure.
(ii) Roller compacted concrete pavement.
(iii) Interl-ocking concrete block pavement. ·
(iv) Use of l·ocally avai lable material after
suitabily improving the properties.
(v) Use of crusher run material.
(vi) Gravel roads etc.
What are level crossing?
ESE 201 6
Level crossing also caled a grade crossing
or a rail road crossing is a place where a
railway line and a road meet each other on
the same level. This means that the grades
are not seperated using a bridge or a tunne
What is .l”utting?
ESE 201 6
Rutting is long itu dinal deformation or
depression of the pavement surface along the
wheel paths of heavy vehicles. It formed due
to the repeated application of heavy load
along the same wheel path resulting in
commulative n
What types of treatment done after laying
of road?
(ESr= 201 6)
National waterway is a cost effective transport
route along some of the important industrial
corridorss or citiesin the inland rivers canals
etc.
What is advantages of NW wrt. National
Hlghway(NW)?
Advantages:- (i) Cost of transportation by water ways is 30-50 paisa per ton-ne per km (PTPK), compared to As. 1 .5 PTPK for highways. (ii) Time taken in the journey will be lesser in the case of water ways. (iii) High potential of tourism. (iv) Eco-friendly etc
Define Highway?
(ESE 201 6
Highways are the main roads running through
. the length and breadth of India, connecting
major ports, foreign highways, capitals of
large states and large iondustrial and tourist
centres.
How to measure fatigue and rutting failure?
ESE 2016
Fatigue failure (Alligator crack):-An existing
bituminous pavement surface that has
developed extensive cracks which are
interconnected forming a number of blocks,
the crack pattern resembles the skin of an
alligator that’s why this type of crack pattern
in the pavement surface is called alligator
cracking. The development of alligator
cracking on bituminous surface couofse is an
indication of ‘fatigue failure’ of this layer.
Rutting failure is the longitudinal deformation
or depression ct the pavement surface along
the wheel paths of heavy vehicles.
Longitudinal ruts are formed due to the
repeated application of heavy loads along the
same wheel path resulting in cumulative nonrecoverable or permanent deformation of the
pavement layers including: (i) subgrade and
(ii) one or more pavement layers
When first classification of highway was
done?
In Nagpur road plan (1 943 - 1 963), roads in India are classified into five categories based on location function:- (i) National Highway(NH) (ii) State Highway (SH) (iii) Major District Roads (MDR) (iv) Other Distric Roads (ODR) (v) Village Roads (VA)
Classification of h ighway?
ESE 201 6
The road classification as per the third tv
How important is proper drainage for
highway?
(ESE 2016
Proper highway drainage is important because of the following reasons:- (i) Excess moisture in soil subgrade causes considerable lowering of its stability. (ii) Excess water on shoulders and pavement edges cause considerable damage to the pavement surface. (iii) In some clayey soils variation in moisture content causes considerable variation in volume of subgrade. Alternate swelling and shrinkage of the supporting layers may also contribute to pavement failures in the form of cracking. (iv) One of the important types of failure due to poor drainage is by progressive development of undulations on road way surface in the form of rutting along the wheel paths of heavy vehicles and formation of waves & corrugations. (v) Sustained contact of water with bituminous pavements causes failures due to str ipping of bitumen from aggregates. (vi) The prime cause of failures in rigid pavement by 'mud pumping' is due to the presence of excess water in fine subgrade soil. (vii) In places where freezing temperatures are prevalent in winter, the presence of water in the subgrade and a continuous supply of water from the ground waer due to capillary action can cause considrable damage to the pavement due in 'frost action'. (viii) In effective and improper s urface drainage cause erosion of soil from top oof un-surfaced roads an-d slopes of embankment, cut and hill side
What are the different kinds of traffic
surveys?
(ESE 2016)
The different kin.d of traffic surveys generally carried out are :- (a) Traffic volume studies (b) Spot speed studies (c) Speed and delay studies (d) Origin and destination studies (e) Parking studies (f) Accident studies
Difference between dry dock and normal
dock?
Dry dock:- A dry dock is a narrow basin or
vessel that can be flooded to allow aload to
be floated in, then drained to allow that load
to ocome to rest on a dry platform. Dry docks
are used for the construction, maintenance
and repair of ships, boats and other watercraft.
Normal dock:- Normal dock is either the area
of water taken by a vessel when tied to a manmade structure or group of structures invqlved
in the handling of boats or ships usually on or
close to a shore or the structures themselves.
It is of following types:-
(i) Dry dock (ii) Loading dock (iii) Cross dock.
Value of adiaba�ic lapse rate?
ESE 2016
Dry adiabatic laps rate = 1 0°C/km
Moist adiabatic lapse rate = 6°C/km
What is adiabatic lapse rate?
ESE 2016
Adiabtic lapse rate is the change in
temperature with height when no outside heat
is involved in the warning or cooling of the air
pareels.
Difference between road and highway?
ESE 20�6
Road is the link provided on land between
any two places for the purpose of travelling
between that places. Highway is also a kind
of road.
Highways are the main roads running through
the length and breadth of India, connectinc
major ports, foreign highways, capitals of
large states and large industrial and tourist
centres.
Dimensions of speed breakers?
ESE 2016
IRC has suggested that speed breakers are
formed basically by providing a rounded
hump of 3. 7 m width and 0. 10 m height for
the preferred advisory crossing speed is
25 km/hr
Difference between highway engineering
and Transportation engineering?
(ESE 2016)
Highway engineering is a s u bset of
trans portation engineering. High way
engineering is the part of science in which we
study about the planning, geometric design,
traffic engineering, design, construction and Difference between highway engineering
and Transportation engineering?
(ESE 2016)
What is current 20 years road plan?
ESE 201 6
Road development plan:- Vision 2021 (from
2001 - 2021 ). For development of rural road
another 20 year road plan is mode by name
rural road development plan: vision 2025 (from
2005-2025)
What is 80/100 bitumen?
(ESE 201 6
80/100 bitumen denotes that the penetration
value of the binder ranges between 80 and
1 00.
What are different modes of transport. How
many of them are surface transport?
(ESE 201 6)
Major modes of transport:
() land (ii) water (iii) air
Surface transport are by roads and railways.
What is reaction time in highway?
ESE 201 6
Reaction time used in the calculation of SSD
is 2.5 seconds. While the reaction time used
in the calculation of OSD is 2 sees.
What are conflict point?
ESE 201 6
Conflict points are the points at an intersection
where there is a probability of a conflict or
collision between the two vehicles during the
crossing, diverging and merging operation.
How to increase speed of train on curv()n’r
ESE 201 6
The speed of train on curves can bo lncruu!J()tl
by increasing the cant deficiency.
How to increase speed of train on curv()n’r
ESE 201 6
The speed of train on curves can bo lncruu!J()tl
by increasing the cant deficiency.
Design of railway track of bullet train.
ESE 201 6
The modernization of track in view its structural
requireme n ts geometric requlr omonts,
maintenance to dose tolerances, safety und
overall economy is needed for track of bull()\
train
How the design of high speed train Is
different?
(ESE 2016)
High speed train necessitates better track
standards, improved design of rolling stock
and locomotives, better traction, high degree
of maintenance etc. from viewpoint of safety,
economy, efficiency and better riding qualities
What are the reasons of derailment?
ESE 2016
The reasons of derailments: (i) Broken rails (ii) Defective wheels (iii) Unusual track interaction (iv) Improper operation of control system (v) Flange elimbing (vi) Geometry faults that result in quasi-static failure.
Different types of rai8ways track.
ESE 201 6
Different types of railways track:
- BG (Broad Gauge) track
- MG (Metre Gauge) track
- NG (Narrow G auge track)
What is size of track used in Indian
railways.
(ES� 201 6)
It is fourth largest railway network in World
comprising 119630 km of total track and
92081 km of running track over a route �f
66,687 km.
Size of gauges used by Delhi Metro.
ESE 201 6
Standard gauge is widely used railway track
gauge in Delhi Metro. It is 1 435 mm i.e.
distane between inside ga edges of the rai ls.
Size of Ballast at point and Crosslng.
. (ESE 201 6)
Size of ballast under poiiTlt and crossing : 25.4
mm.
What is ruling gradient?
ESE 201 6
Ruling gradient on a section may be defined
as the g radient which determines the
maximum load that the engine can haul on
the section. In otherwards, it is the maximum
gradient al lowed on the track section.
Various gradients is railways?
ESE 201 6
Various gradients used on railway tracks are:
(i) Ruling gradient
(ii) Moment gradient
(iii) Pusher/Helper gradient
(iv) Gradients at stationyards.
What is difference between ballasted and
ballastless track?
(ESE 201 6)
Ballasted track is type of traditional railway -
track in which ballast is laid under the railway
sleepers to reduce the stress on the ground.
Ballast bed improves the flexibil ity and
. drainage performance of railway track. Nonballasted track also called ballastlers track
is railway track whose bed is composed of
concrete and bituminous mixture. Slab track
is such examp�e
What are the preliminary survey done in
initial work of metro?
(ESE 2016)
Preliminary survey is done to determine the following information: (a) Length of alternative routes . (b) Various possible gradients along the alignment (c) Quantity of earthwork (d) Geological information (e) Details of canal crossings (f) Availability of materials, labour other facilities
What is name of latest train which is being
tested?
(ESE 201 6)
Indian railways is working on lease agreement
to operate lightweight, energy, speed efficient
Spanish Taiga train on short routes such as
Delhi Amritsar, Delhi-lucknow etc. profit
sharing basis.
What measures can be taken to improve rail safety?
Anti Collision device (AGO), Pilot projects on
train protection warning system {TPWS) to
revent overspeeding/signal passing at
�anger, block proving, Axle counter, Auxiliary
warning syste m, Vigilance control device
(VCD) are few safety.
Have you heard about ballast?
I;SE 201 6
Ballast is the granular material usually broken
stone/brick, shingle or kankar, gravel or sand
placed and packed below and around the
sleepers to transmit the load and allow
drainage of track
What you will keep in mind before selecting
site for airport in hilly area?
(ESE 201 6)
The selection of suitable site for an airport
depends upon the class of airport under
consideration. The factors listed below are for
selection of suitable site for airport in hilly area:
(a) Regional plan
(b) Obstructions
(c) Visibility
(d) Wind
(e) Grading, drainage and soil characteristics
(Q Future development
(g) Economic considerations
(h) Type of aircraft and traffic volume
If your runway damage in a earthquake
then how to repair immediately? ·
(ESE 201 6)
Immediately after the earthquake, temporary
repairs can be made by fil ling the fissures
with pitrun g ravelly material without
compaction because of the urgency of
repairing the runways for emergency use.
What is minimum length of runway?
ESE 201 6
Minimum ( basic) Length of runway is the
· length of ruriway under following assumed
conditions:
1. Airport altitude is at sea level.
2. Temperature of airport is standard (1 5°C)
3. Runway is levelled in the longitudinal
direction.
4. No wind is flowing on runway.
5. Aircraft is loaded to its full loading
capacity.
Why we are providing concrete pavement
in a runway?
(ESE 201 6)
The concrete pavements are provided in
runway because they are durable and safe.
They are considerably less prone to wear and
tear defects like rutting, cracking, stripping
etc
In which direction aircraft land/take off i.e.
either in direction ot wind or opposite.
(ESE 201 6)
The wind dictates which flow is being used
(North flow f southflow). General ly, aeroplane
takes off best when facing in the wind as that
means free airspeed so the take off roll is
shorter. That means the direction for landing
is same as of take-off.
What is Runway, taxiway, apron?
E:SE 2016
Runway: According to ICAO, a runway is
defined as rectangular area on a land
aerodrome prepared for the landing and take
off aircraft.
Apron is the area of an airport where aircraft
are parked, unloaded or loaded, refueled or
boarded.
Taxiway is path for aircraft at an airport
connecting runways with aprons, hangars,
terminals and other facilities. They mostly have
a hard surface such as asphalt or concrete.
How can noise of aeroplanes be reduced? (ESE 2016)
Noise of aeroplanes can be reduce by • Noise reduction at the source. • Development and adoption of quieter aircraft. • Land use planning strategies. • Operational flight contro
What As wlndrase diagram?
ESE 201 6
A wind rose diag ram is a too! Which
graphically displays wind speed and wind
direction at a particular location over a period
of time. It is used by meterologists to give a
succinct view of how wind speed and directi
on
are typically distributed at a particular location
What should be camber for runway?
ESE 201 6
To promote the most rapid d rainage of water,
the runway surface shall be cambered and
slope must be symmetrical on each side of
centralline. The transverse slope 1.5% (C, D,
E & F class) & 2% (AlB) .
G uwahati airport os classified as which class ot airport?
In G uwahati, Lokpriya Gopinath Bardoloi International airport exists and classified as Class I (INTERNATIONAL Airport)
Construction procedure of WBM?
ESE 201 4
Construction of waterbound macadam road ns. involves the following 6 basic steps as given below: 1. Preparation of sub-grade 2. Preparation of sub-base 3. Preparation of base 4. Preparation of wearing course 5. Preparation of shoulders
What is super-elevation?
ESE 2013, 2014, 2016
The amount by which the outer edge of
horizontal curve on a road is banked above
the inner edge, at a horizontal curve to counter
centrifuges force, is called super-elevation
Which pavement is better rigid or flexible? ·
ESE 201 4, ?01 6
Based on durability, r�gid pavement is better,
but flexible pavement is economical
What is coat�ng?
ESE 201 4, 2016
Coating is a layer provided to protect the main
material from various environmental
adversities.
Why lining is used in Tunnels?
ESE 2014
To prevent the tunnel from collapsing or caving
in, lining has to be done after excavation of
tunnel section.
What are classification of roads?
l;Si; 201 3, 201 4, 201 6
(a) Express way
(b) 1\H
(c) SH
(d) District roads
(e) Other district roads
(f) Village roads
Why the light in signal used Red, Yello�
and Green?
The colours Red, Yellow and Green are easily
distinguishable from long distances.
What difference between. NH and SH?
ESE 201 4
The NH are the highways that link places across
the states and are maintained by NHAI or
control Govt.
The SH are the highways that usually link
important cities, town, and d i strict
headqu arters within the state and are
maintained by the state Govt.
What is difference between flyover and
Cloves?
(ESE 201 4)
Flyover: It is an intersection in which the traffic
are not allowed to change direction.
Cloves: It is an intersection in which the traffic
are al lowed to merge with other direction traffic
Wh at are the features of a F1 track
pavement?
The F1 track pavement consists of layers; the
first layer is the bearing layer, above that is
the binding layer and at the top is the wearing
layer. The bearing layer consists of a thick
sheet of coarse water tight asphalt. The
binding layer smoothens out the wearing layer.
lh-e wearing layer is just like ordinary road
construction. The design life of F1 track varies
from 5 to 10 years . Asphalt which. is a mixture
of stone and bitumen requires the best
avai lable stones in the vicinity. These stones
are then tested for wear and tear, grip etc.
The stones for the Bahrain International Circuit
were imported from Wales at a great expense.
Why metro train Is needed in a city?
(ESE 2013
Wi th continuously increasing number of
vehicles day by day there is an enormous load
on the present road infrastructure with free
space reducing on the roads day by day. In
order to reduce this load, there is an utmost
need for such a transportation system which
plies either above ground or below ground (or
at the ground with no restrictions). The best
thing about metro is that there are no level
crossings in their path. Thus metro provides
an alternate route for commuters thereby
reducing the burden of present road
infrastructure.
What are bituminous pavements?
ESE 201 3
These are flexible pavements constructed with
aggregates and the bitumen binder. This
pavement is largely used in India and abroad.
Unlike the cement as binder in cement
concrete pavements where the excess o
cement binder does not decrease the strength
· of pavement, 1n bituminous pavements
excess of bitumen binder is detrimental to the good performance of bituminous
pavement. Moreover, during construction and
mixing operations, maintaining proper
viscosity of bituminous aggregate mixture is
also a big challenge
What are harbours?
(ESE 2012, 201 6
A harbour is a body of water where ships,
boats, and barges can seek shelter from
stormy weather, or else are stored for future
use.
what is dock?
A dock is a human-made structure or group of structures involved in the handling of boats
or ships, usually on or close to a shore.
What is the role of shear connectors in
bridge?
Shear connectors on the top flanges of the
steel girders provide the means to achieve
composite action between the slab and the
girders, thus increasing both stiffness and
strength
What is Dry Dock and what is the method
for casting of Dry Dock?
A dry dock is a narrow basin or vessel that
can be flooded to allow a load to be floated
in, th·en drained to allow that load to come to
rest on a dry platform. Dry docks are used
for the construction, maintenance, and repair
of ships, boats, and other water craft.
Describe CBR test?
ESE 2007, 2009, 201 4
CBR test: It is a penetration test generally
used for flexible pavement design. It is also
used to test the strength of flexible pavement.
This test evaulates the stability of soil subgrade and other flexible pavement materials
and test results have been correlated with
flexible pavement thickness requirement of
highways and runways. It can be performed
either in the laboratory or prepared specimen
in-situ in field.
A cylindrical plunger of 50 mm diameter is
allowed to penetrate the material @ 1 .25 mm/
min. The load values that cause 2.5 mm and
5 mm penetration are noted down. These load
values are expressed as percentage of
standard load values at respective
penetrations to obtain CBR value. The
standard load values are 1 370 kg and 2055
· kg at 2.5 mm and 5.0 mm penetration
respectively
What is �he meaning of track corcuiting in
railways?
The track length connected electrically for
signals.
What are the different types of loading on
liailways bridges?
(ESE 2007 , 20 1 6)
Diffe rent types of loading on railway
bridges: The following loads act on a typical
railway bridge:
(a) Moving load of locomotive and coaches/
wagons (assumed to be fully loaded).
(b) Impact forces due to impact of wheels on
rails.
(c) Raking force
(d) Wind load
(e) Centrifugal force if bridge is located on a
curve.
(f) Seismic forces.
What is the main objective and function of
CRRI - Central Road Research Institute?
(ESE 2007)
CRRI was established in 1952 as a branch of
CSIR for carrying out research a n d
development in the areas of road design and
construction, their maintenance, transportation
planning of cities, seeking the possibility of
the use of i ndustrial waste in road
construction. This i nstitute provides
consultancy services to various user
organizations in India and abroad
2 What do you mean by Highway
Engineering?
(ESE 2007)
Highway Engineering: It is a branch of Civil
Engineering that is concerned with the
planning, design, construction, operation and
maintenance of roads, bridges, walkways,
ROBs, RUBs and tunnels to ensure safe and
effective transportation of people and goods.
Highway engineering became prominent after
the World War 2. Standards of Highway
Engmeering are continuously being improved.
Highway engineers must take into account
future traffic flows, design of highway i ntersections/interchanges, g eometric
alignment and design, highway pavement materials and design, structural design of
What is R.D.S.O?
RDSO: It stands for “Research Design and
Standards Organisation” located in Lucknow
which acts as a consultant and adviser to the
. . ·
. Railway Board, Zonal Railways, production
units of railways, PSUs like RITES and IRCON
