Transport Flashcards
aorta
main artery that takes oxygenated blood away from the heart, specifically the left ventricle, to the rest of the body
What type of circulation do humans have?
double circulation
What is pulmonary circulation?
deoxygenated blood is pumped to lungs and oxygenated blood returns back to heart
What is systemic circulation?
oxygenated blood is pumped to organs of body and deoxygenated blood returned back to the heart
artery
type of blood vessel that carries high pressure blood away from heart to body
Describe an artery
narrow lumen, thick elastic and muscular outer layers
atria
two chambers at the top of the heart that receive blood from the veins and pump blood to ventricles
Describe the atria
thinner walls compared to ventricles because of the distance… so blood doesn’t need to be high pressure
What is blood made up of?
red blood cells
white blood cells
plasma
platelets
What is a lymphocyte?
white blood cell
What does a lymphocyte do?
produces antibodies
Explain how antibodies produced by white blood cells work
making a hole in pathogen cell wall
neutralising toxins
causing agglutination
memory cells remember
What is a phagocyte?
white blood cell
What does a phagocyte do?
phaogcytosis ; engulfs and digests pathogens
What is a pathogen?
a micro-organism with the ability to cause disease
What is plasma?
straw coloured liquid
What is the job of plasma?
transport blood cells and other substances like hormones, glucose, amino acids, urea, heat etc
What are red blood cells?
small red cells
What is the job of red blood cells?
transport oxygen bound to haemoglobin
How are red blood cells specialised for their function?
contain haemoglobin - form oxyhaemoglobin and transport oxygen
no nucleus - more haemoglobin can be in each cell so more o2 can be transported
biconcave shape - increases surface area for rate of diffusion
What are platelets?
cell fragments
What do platelets do?
clot blood to prevent infection and blood loss
Explain how platelets clot blood
release chemicals that cause the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen to be changed into insoluble fibrous protein fibrin.
the fibrin forms fibres across the cut which traps platelets and red blood cells and this forms a scab
What is the function of an artery?
transport blood at high pressures - allows artery to stretch and recoil to keep blood flowing
helps to control flow of blood by widening and narrowing
What are coronary arteries?
arteries that supply heart muscle cells with glucose and oxygen for aerobic respiration
What can cause fatty deposits (atheroma) to form and narrow arteries?
diet, smoking, inactivity, high blood pressure
How does smoking cause Coronary Heart Disease?
nicotine makes platelets more sticky
this forms a clot and the lumen is narrowed
this means heart muscle cells not supplied as much o2 so have to begin respiring anaerobically which creates lactic acid which damages heart muscle cells due to low pH
this increases risk of heart attacks
How does inactivity cause Coronary Heart Disease?
inactivity causes high blood pressure which damages artery lining and increases risk of fatty deposits
the lumen is narrowed
this means heart muscle cells not supplied as much o2 so have to begin respiring anaerobically which creates lactic acid which damages heart muscle cells due to low pH
this increases risk of heart attacks
How does diet cause Coronary Heart Disease?
diet causes build up of fatty deposits
the lumen is narrowed
this means heart muscle cells not supplied as much o2 so have to begin respiring anaerobically which creates lactic acid which damages heart muscle cells due to low pH
this increases risk of heart attacks
How does high blood pressure cause Coronary Heart Disease?
high blood pressure damages artery lining and increases risk of fatty deposits
the lumen is narrowed
this means heart muscle cells not supplied as much o2 so have to begin respiring anaerobically which creates lactic acid which damages heart muscle cells due to low pH
this increases risk of heart attacks
What is haemoglobin?
red protein found in red blood cells that bonds with and transport oxygen
vein
blood vessel that carries blood at a low pressure
Describe a vein
thin outer wall
thin layer of muscle and elastic tissue
semilunar valves
What is the function of a vein?
blood is flowing at lower pressure so thick wall is not needed
semilunar valves prevent back flow of blood
wall can contract to keep blood flowing
capillary
blood vessel responsible for transport of substances by diffusion or active transport
Describe a capillary
wall is one cell thick
What is the function of a capillary?
short distance for diffusion
hepatic artery
supplies liver with oxygenated blood
hepatic portal vein
carries blood from intestines to liver, high in glucose
hepatic vein
vein carries blood away from liver back to heart
pulmonary artery
takes deoxygenated blood from heart, specifically right ventricle to lungs
pulmonary vein
carries oxygenated blood from lungs to heart, specifically left atrium
renal arteries
supply blood to kidneys
renal veins
take blood away from kidneys
vena cava
vein that takes deoxygenated blood back to heart from body
What are the ventricles?
lower chambers of heart that receive blood from atria and pump blood out of heart into arteries at high pressure
Why is the left ventricle wall thicker than the right?
because it pumps blood at higher pressures so it can travel to the whole body
Where does left ventricle side of heart pump blood to?
body
Where does the right side of the heart pump blood to?
lungs
What is the heart made of?
cardiac muscle
What is the role of the tricuspid valves?
prevent backflow between right atrium and right ventricle
What is the role of the semi lunar valves?
prevent backflow
What is the role of bicuspid valve?
prevent backflow between left atrium and left ventricle
