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iGCSE Biology > Transport > Flashcards

Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

aorta

A

main artery that takes oxygenated blood away from the heart, specifically the left ventricle, to the rest of the body

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2
Q

What type of circulation do humans have?

A

double circulation

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3
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

deoxygenated blood is pumped to lungs and oxygenated blood returns back to heart

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4
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

oxygenated blood is pumped to organs of body and deoxygenated blood returned back to the heart

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5
Q

artery

A

type of blood vessel that carries high pressure blood away from heart to body

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6
Q

Describe an artery

A

narrow lumen, thick elastic and muscular outer layers

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7
Q

atria

A

two chambers at the top of the heart that receive blood from the veins and pump blood to ventricles

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8
Q

Describe the atria

A

thinner walls compared to ventricles because of the distance… so blood doesn’t need to be high pressure

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9
Q

What is blood made up of?

A

red blood cells
white blood cells
plasma
platelets

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10
Q

What is a lymphocyte?

A

white blood cell

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11
Q

What does a lymphocyte do?

A

produces antibodies

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12
Q

Explain how antibodies produced by white blood cells work

A

making a hole in pathogen cell wall
neutralising toxins
causing agglutination
memory cells remember

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13
Q

What is a phagocyte?

A

white blood cell

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14
Q

What does a phagocyte do?

A

phaogcytosis ; engulfs and digests pathogens

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15
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

a micro-organism with the ability to cause disease

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16
Q

What is plasma?

A

straw coloured liquid

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17
Q

What is the job of plasma?

A

transport blood cells and other substances like hormones, glucose, amino acids, urea, heat etc

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18
Q

What are red blood cells?

A

small red cells

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19
Q

What is the job of red blood cells?

A

transport oxygen bound to haemoglobin

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20
Q

How are red blood cells specialised for their function?

A

contain haemoglobin - form oxyhaemoglobin and transport oxygen
no nucleus - more haemoglobin can be in each cell so more o2 can be transported
biconcave shape - increases surface area for rate of diffusion

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21
Q

What are platelets?

A

cell fragments

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22
Q

What do platelets do?

A

clot blood to prevent infection and blood loss

23
Q

Explain how platelets clot blood

A

release chemicals that cause the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen to be changed into insoluble fibrous protein fibrin.
the fibrin forms fibres across the cut which traps platelets and red blood cells and this forms a scab

24
Q

What is the function of an artery?

A

transport blood at high pressures - allows artery to stretch and recoil to keep blood flowing
helps to control flow of blood by widening and narrowing

25
Q

What are coronary arteries?

A

arteries that supply heart muscle cells with glucose and oxygen for aerobic respiration

26
Q

What can cause fatty deposits (atheroma) to form and narrow arteries?

A

diet, smoking, inactivity, high blood pressure

27
Q

How does smoking cause Coronary Heart Disease?

A

nicotine makes platelets more sticky
this forms a clot and the lumen is narrowed
this means heart muscle cells not supplied as much o2 so have to begin respiring anaerobically which creates lactic acid which damages heart muscle cells due to low pH
this increases risk of heart attacks

28
Q

How does inactivity cause Coronary Heart Disease?

A

inactivity causes high blood pressure which damages artery lining and increases risk of fatty deposits
the lumen is narrowed
this means heart muscle cells not supplied as much o2 so have to begin respiring anaerobically which creates lactic acid which damages heart muscle cells due to low pH
this increases risk of heart attacks

29
Q

How does diet cause Coronary Heart Disease?

A

diet causes build up of fatty deposits
the lumen is narrowed
this means heart muscle cells not supplied as much o2 so have to begin respiring anaerobically which creates lactic acid which damages heart muscle cells due to low pH
this increases risk of heart attacks

30
Q

How does high blood pressure cause Coronary Heart Disease?

A

high blood pressure damages artery lining and increases risk of fatty deposits
the lumen is narrowed
this means heart muscle cells not supplied as much o2 so have to begin respiring anaerobically which creates lactic acid which damages heart muscle cells due to low pH
this increases risk of heart attacks

31
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

red protein found in red blood cells that bonds with and transport oxygen

32
Q

vein

A

blood vessel that carries blood at a low pressure

33
Q

Describe a vein

A

thin outer wall
thin layer of muscle and elastic tissue
semilunar valves

34
Q

What is the function of a vein?

A

blood is flowing at lower pressure so thick wall is not needed
semilunar valves prevent back flow of blood
wall can contract to keep blood flowing

35
Q

capillary

A

blood vessel responsible for transport of substances by diffusion or active transport

36
Q

Describe a capillary

A

wall is one cell thick

37
Q

What is the function of a capillary?

A

short distance for diffusion

38
Q

hepatic artery

A

supplies liver with oxygenated blood

39
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

carries blood from intestines to liver, high in glucose

40
Q

hepatic vein

A

vein carries blood away from liver back to heart

41
Q

pulmonary artery

A

takes deoxygenated blood from heart, specifically right ventricle to lungs

42
Q

pulmonary vein

A

carries oxygenated blood from lungs to heart, specifically left atrium

43
Q

renal arteries

A

supply blood to kidneys

44
Q

renal veins

A

take blood away from kidneys

45
Q

vena cava

A

vein that takes deoxygenated blood back to heart from body

46
Q

What are the ventricles?

A

lower chambers of heart that receive blood from atria and pump blood out of heart into arteries at high pressure

47
Q

Why is the left ventricle wall thicker than the right?

A

because it pumps blood at higher pressures so it can travel to the whole body

48
Q

Where does left ventricle side of heart pump blood to?

A

body

49
Q

Where does the right side of the heart pump blood to?

A

lungs

50
Q

What is the heart made of?

A

cardiac muscle

51
Q

What is the role of the tricuspid valves?

A

prevent backflow between right atrium and right ventricle

52
Q

What is the role of the semi lunar valves?

A

prevent backflow

53
Q

What is the role of bicuspid valve?

A

prevent backflow between left atrium and left ventricle

iGCSE Biology (22 decks)

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