Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

iGCSE Biology > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of meiosis?

A

used to produce gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the role of mitosis?

A

growth and repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What kind of cells does meiosis produce?

A

genetically varied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What kind of cells does mitosis produce?

A

genetically identical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many cells does meiosis produce?

A

four

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many cells does mitosis produce?

A

two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many cell divisions take place in meiosis?

A

two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How many cell divisions take place in mitosis?

A

one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Does meiosis produce haploid or diploid cells?

A

haploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Does mitosis produce haploid or diploid cells?

A

diploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Is meiosis used for sexual or asexual reproduction?

A

sexual (makes gametes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Is mitosis used for sexual or asexual reproduction?

A

asexual (cloning)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the process of mitosis

A

DNA is replicated
nuclear membrane breaks down
chromosomes line up
chromatids pulled apart to opposite poles
two cells are formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the process of meiosis

A

DNA is replicated
homologous pairs of chromosomes join
exchange of DNA
pulled apart to opposite poles
mitosis takes place
four cells are formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many chromosomes does a human body cell contain?

A

46
23 homologous pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why are gametes haploid cells?

A

half originate from male
half originate from female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define fertilisation

A

fusion of male and female haploid gametes to produce a zygote with diploid chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the first cell produced by fertilisation called?

A

zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why do sperm cells and egg cells only have 23 chromosomes?

A

half of genetic information from each parent to form diploid cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How many chromosomes does a human diploid cell have?

A

46

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How many chromosomes does a human haploid cell have?

A

23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is external fertilisation? Give an example

A

takes place outside body, Fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is internal fertilisation? Give an example

A

takes place inside female body,sexual intercourse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of the egg cell?

A

be fertilised and form a zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the function of the sperm cell?
to fertilise the egg cell and form a zygote
26
How is the egg cell adapted for its function?
nutrients ; for zygote membrane ; only allows one sperm to fertilise it large ; space
27
How is the sperm cell adapted for its function?
mitochondria ; energy streamlined ; swimming flagellum ; swimming enzymes ; break through egg
28
What is the ovary?
where egg cells are formed by meiosis produces oestrogen and progesterone
29
What is the oviduct?
egg cells travel down this to the uterus site of fertilisation
30
How is the oviduct adapted for its function?
lined with cilia to move the cell
31
What is the uterus?
where embryo will develop when fertilised zygote implants in uterus
32
How is the uterus adapted for its function?
thick muscular wall ; contracts during labour
33
What is the cervix?
narrow opening to uterus
34
How is the cervix adapted for its function?
dilates during labour for baby to be born
35
What is the vagina?
muscular tube that leads from cervix to inside woman's body
36
What is the function of the testes?
where sperm cells are formed by meiosis produces testosterone
37
What is the sperm duct?
maturing sperm transported along this tube
38
What is the function of the seminal vesicle and prostrate gland?
releases liquids into sperm duct to form semen provides nutrients to sperm
39
What is the function of the penis?
transports urine and semen out of body
40
How is the penis adapted for its function?
contains tissue which can fill with blood to become erect ; this helps pass semen into female's vagina and urine out
41
What is the urethra?
tube inside penis that can transport urine and sperm
42
Describe the journey of sperm to the ovaries.
made in testes travels down sperm duct mixes with fluid from seminal vesicles out of urethra into vagina into fallopian tubes
43
How is random fertilisation random?
male ejaculates many sperm all sperm slightly genetically different all egg slightly genetically different random sperm fertilises random egg causes genetic variation in offspring
44
What is the amnion?
membrane that encloses the foetus during pregnancy
45
What is the function of the amniotic fluid?
cushion the foetus protect foetus
46
What is the function of the placenta?
provide foetus with nutrients and oxygen take away CO2 and urea
47
Why is it dangerous if a mother smokes or drinks or uses drugs during pregnancy?
harmful and addictive substances will be diffused by placenta and affect foetus' growth rate and perhaps cause addiction in foetus
48
How is placenta adapted for function?
villi ; surface area thin ; short diff distance capillaries ; high conc
49
Which hormone causes secondary sexual characteristics in girls?
oestrogen
50
Which hormone causes secondary sexual characteristics in boys?
testosterone
51
What are some examples of secondary sexual characteristics in girls?
menstrual cycle begins pubic hair growth and development of genitalia fatty deposits hips broaden
52
What are some examples of secondary sexual characteristics in boys
pubic and facial hair sperm production begins muscle development shoulders broaden voice breakes growth and development of genitalia
53
When does the menstrual cycle begin?
when the woman's uterus lining breaks down
54
After the egg is release from the follicle, what structure does the ovary replace it with?
corpus luteum
55
What is the corpus luteum's function during pregnancy?
makes progesterone later replaced by placenta
56
What is the function of the follicle stimulating hormone?
follicle develops and ovum matures to be ready to be released
57
What is the function of the hormone oestrogen?
inhibits FSH production ; to stop multiple ovums being matured, uterus lining thickens
58
What is the function of the luteinising hormone?
ovulation ; release of mature ovum from ovary into oviduct
59
What is the function of the hormone progesterone?
FSH AND LH inhibited ; stops more ovums being matured, uterus lining maintained
60
Which gland secretes FSH?
pituitary gland
61
Which gland secretes oestrogen?
ovary
62
Which gland secretes LH?
pituitary gland
63
Which gland secretes progesterone?
ovary
64
Define reproduction
ability of living organisms to produce organisms
65
Define sexual reproduction
produces genetically varied offspring using gametes
66
What are the three stages of sexual reproduction in plants?
pollination fertilisation germination
67
Define asexual reproduction?
produces genetically identical offspring that are clones of parent organism
68
What are runners?
produced by asexual reproduction new plant produced where runner touches ground strawberries
69
What are tubers?
produced by asexual reproduction swollen underground stems containing lots of stored food potatoes
70
What are bulbs?
produced by asexual reproduction underground buds with thick fleshy leaves containing lots of stored food. onions/daffodils
71
What are cuttings?
artificial form of asexual reproduction piece of plant's stem is cut and planted so it develops into a new plant
72
What are the functions of sex organs in plants?
production of gametes sites of pollination and fertilisation sites of seed and fruit formation
73
What is pollen?
produced by anther which is part of stamen male gamete
74
What is an ova?
produced in ovules in ovary in carpel female gamete
75
Define cross pollination
transfer of pollen from one flower to stigma of another flower
76
Define self pollination
pollen does not reach different plant
77
How are the stamens in insect pollinated flowers adapted?
enclosed within flower
78
How are the stamens in wind pollinated flowers adapted?
outside flower
79
How is the stigma in insect pollinated flowers adapted?
enclosed within flower sticky ; pollen sticks to insects
80
How is the stigma in wind pollinated flowers adapted?
outside flower feathery
81
How are the petals in insect pollinated flowers adapted?
large brightly coloured ; need to attract
82
How are the petals in wind pollinated flowers adapted?
small usually green ; don't need to attract
83
How are the nectaries in wind pollinated flowers adapted?
absent ; not needed
84
How are the nectaries in insect pollinated flowers adapted?
produce sugary fluid ; need to attract
85
Describe pollination in plants
- pollen grains deposited onto stigma - pollen grain grows pollen tube down to style - enzymes are secreted to digest tissues to style - hole called micropyle is formed - fertilisation
86
Describe fertilisation in plants
- pollen (male gamete) fuses with ovum (female gamete) - fertilised ovum divides by mitosis to form embryo - germination
87
What are cotyledons for?
food store for young plant when it germinates
88
What is the testa?
hard coating of seed
89
What is the plumule?
shoot
90
What is the radicle?
small root
91
What do plants need to germinate?
oxygen ; respire warmth ; optimum temp water ; activate enzymes
92
Describe germination in plants
- zygote develops into embryonic plant with radicle and plumule
93
What happens to the fertilised ovum in fruit formation?
becomes seed
94
What happens to the ovary in fruit formation?
becomes fruit
95
What happens to the ovule wall in fruit formation?
becomes testa
96
What happens to the ovum wall in fruit formation?
becomes fruit coat
97
What happens to the other contents in fruit formation?
becomes cotyledons

iGCSE Biology (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions