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iGCSE Biology > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of meiosis?

A

used to produce gametes

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2
Q

What is the role of mitosis?

A

growth and repair

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3
Q

What kind of cells does meiosis produce?

A

genetically varied

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4
Q

What kind of cells does mitosis produce?

A

genetically identical

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5
Q

How many cells does meiosis produce?

A

four

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6
Q

How many cells does mitosis produce?

A

two

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7
Q

How many cell divisions take place in meiosis?

A

two

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8
Q

How many cell divisions take place in mitosis?

A

one

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9
Q

Does meiosis produce haploid or diploid cells?

A

haploid

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10
Q

Does mitosis produce haploid or diploid cells?

A

diploid

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11
Q

Is meiosis used for sexual or asexual reproduction?

A

sexual (makes gametes)

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12
Q

Is mitosis used for sexual or asexual reproduction?

A

asexual (cloning)

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13
Q

Describe the process of mitosis

A

DNA is replicated
nuclear membrane breaks down
chromosomes line up
chromatids pulled apart to opposite poles
two cells are formed

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14
Q

Describe the process of meiosis

A

DNA is replicated
homologous pairs of chromosomes join
exchange of DNA
pulled apart to opposite poles
mitosis takes place
four cells are formed

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15
Q

How many chromosomes does a human body cell contain?

A

46
23 homologous pairs

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16
Q

Why are gametes haploid cells?

A

half originate from male
half originate from female

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17
Q

Define fertilisation

A

fusion of male and female haploid gametes to produce a zygote with diploid chromosomes

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18
Q

What is the first cell produced by fertilisation called?

A

zygote

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19
Q

Why do sperm cells and egg cells only have 23 chromosomes?

A

half of genetic information from each parent to form diploid cell

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20
Q

How many chromosomes does a human diploid cell have?

A

46

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21
Q

How many chromosomes does a human haploid cell have?

A

23

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22
Q

What is external fertilisation? Give an example

A

takes place outside body, Fish

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23
Q

What is internal fertilisation? Give an example

A

takes place inside female body,sexual intercourse

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24
Q

What is the function of the egg cell?

A

be fertilised and form a zygote

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25
Q

What is the function of the sperm cell?

A

to fertilise the egg cell and form a zygote

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26
Q

How is the egg cell adapted for its function?

A

nutrients ; for zygote
membrane ; only allows one sperm to fertilise it
large ; space

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27
Q

How is the sperm cell adapted for its function?

A

mitochondria ; energy
streamlined ; swimming
flagellum ; swimming
enzymes ; break through egg

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28
Q

What is the ovary?

A

where egg cells are formed by meiosis
produces oestrogen and progesterone

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29
Q

What is the oviduct?

A

egg cells travel down this to the uterus
site of fertilisation

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30
Q

How is the oviduct adapted for its function?

A

lined with cilia to move the cell

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31
Q

What is the uterus?

A

where embryo will develop when fertilised zygote implants in uterus

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32
Q

How is the uterus adapted for its function?

A

thick muscular wall ; contracts during labour

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33
Q

What is the cervix?

A

narrow opening to uterus

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34
Q

How is the cervix adapted for its function?

A

dilates during labour for baby to be born

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35
Q

What is the vagina?

A

muscular tube that leads from cervix to inside woman’s body

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36
Q

What is the function of the testes?

A

where sperm cells are formed by meiosis
produces testosterone

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37
Q

What is the sperm duct?

A

maturing sperm transported along this tube

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38
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicle and prostrate gland?

A

releases liquids into sperm duct to form semen
provides nutrients to sperm

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39
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

transports urine and semen out of body

40
Q

How is the penis adapted for its function?

A

contains tissue which can fill with blood to become erect ; this helps pass semen into female’s vagina and urine out

41
Q

What is the urethra?

A

tube inside penis that can transport urine and sperm

42
Q

Describe the journey of sperm to the ovaries.

A

made in testes
travels down sperm duct
mixes with fluid from seminal vesicles
out of urethra into vagina
into fallopian tubes

43
Q

How is random fertilisation random?

A

male ejaculates many sperm
all sperm slightly genetically different
all egg slightly genetically different
random sperm fertilises random egg
causes genetic variation in offspring

44
Q

What is the amnion?

A

membrane that encloses the foetus during pregnancy

45
Q

What is the function of the amniotic fluid?

A

cushion the foetus
protect foetus

46
Q

What is the function of the placenta?

A

provide foetus with nutrients and oxygen
take away CO2 and urea

47
Q

Why is it dangerous if a mother smokes or drinks or uses drugs during pregnancy?

A

harmful and addictive substances will be diffused by placenta and affect foetus’ growth rate and perhaps cause addiction in foetus

48
Q

How is placenta adapted for function?

A

villi ; surface area
thin ; short diff distance
capillaries ; high conc

49
Q

Which hormone causes secondary sexual characteristics in girls?

50
Q

Which hormone causes secondary sexual characteristics in boys?

A

testosterone

51
Q

What are some examples of secondary sexual characteristics in girls?

A

menstrual cycle begins
pubic hair
growth and development of genitalia
fatty deposits
hips broaden

52
Q

What are some examples of secondary sexual characteristics in boys

A

pubic and facial hair
sperm production begins
muscle development
shoulders broaden
voice breakes
growth and development of genitalia

53
Q

When does the menstrual cycle begin?

A

when the woman’s uterus lining breaks down

54
Q

After the egg is release from the follicle, what structure does the ovary replace it with?

A

corpus luteum

55
Q

What is the corpus luteum’s function during pregnancy?

A

makes progesterone
later replaced by placenta

56
Q

What is the function of the follicle stimulating hormone?

A

follicle develops and ovum matures to be ready to be released

57
Q

What is the function of the hormone oestrogen?

A

inhibits FSH production ; to stop multiple ovums being matured, uterus lining thickens

58
Q

What is the function of the luteinising hormone?

A

ovulation ; release of mature ovum from ovary into oviduct

59
Q

What is the function of the hormone progesterone?

A

FSH AND LH inhibited ; stops more ovums being matured, uterus lining maintained

60
Q

Which gland secretes FSH?

A

pituitary gland

61
Q

Which gland secretes oestrogen?

62
Q

Which gland secretes LH?

A

pituitary gland

63
Q

Which gland secretes progesterone?

64
Q

Define reproduction

A

ability of living organisms to produce organisms

65
Q

Define sexual reproduction

A

produces genetically varied offspring using gametes

66
Q

What are the three stages of sexual reproduction in plants?

A

pollination
fertilisation
germination

67
Q

Define asexual reproduction?

A

produces genetically identical offspring that are clones of parent organism

68
Q

What are runners?

A

produced by asexual reproduction
new plant produced where runner touches ground
strawberries

69
Q

What are tubers?

A

produced by asexual reproduction
swollen underground stems containing lots of stored food
potatoes

70
Q

What are bulbs?

A

produced by asexual reproduction
underground buds with thick fleshy leaves containing lots of stored food.
onions/daffodils

71
Q

What are cuttings?

A

artificial form of asexual reproduction
piece of plant’s stem is cut and planted so it develops into a new plant

72
Q

What are the functions of sex organs in plants?

A

production of gametes
sites of pollination and fertilisation
sites of seed and fruit formation

73
Q

What is pollen?

A

produced by anther which is part of stamen
male gamete

74
Q

What is an ova?

A

produced in ovules in ovary in carpel
female gamete

75
Q

Define cross pollination

A

transfer of pollen from one flower to stigma of another flower

76
Q

Define self pollination

A

pollen does not reach different plant

77
Q

How are the stamens in insect pollinated flowers adapted?

A

enclosed within flower

78
Q

How are the stamens in wind pollinated flowers adapted?

A

outside flower

79
Q

How is the stigma in insect pollinated flowers adapted?

A

enclosed within flower
sticky ; pollen sticks to insects

80
Q

How is the stigma in wind pollinated flowers adapted?

A

outside flower
feathery

81
Q

How are the petals in insect pollinated flowers adapted?

A

large
brightly coloured
; need to attract

82
Q

How are the petals in wind pollinated flowers adapted?

A

small
usually green
; don’t need to attract

83
Q

How are the nectaries in wind pollinated flowers adapted?

A

absent ; not needed

84
Q

How are the nectaries in insect pollinated flowers adapted?

A

produce sugary fluid ; need to attract

85
Q

Describe pollination in plants

A
  • pollen grains deposited onto stigma
  • pollen grain grows pollen tube down to style
  • enzymes are secreted to digest tissues to style
  • hole called micropyle is formed
  • fertilisation
86
Q

Describe fertilisation in plants

A
  • pollen (male gamete) fuses with ovum (female gamete)
  • fertilised ovum divides by mitosis to form embryo
  • germination
87
Q

What are cotyledons for?

A

food store for young plant when it germinates

88
Q

What is the testa?

A

hard coating of seed

89
Q

What is the plumule?

90
Q

What is the radicle?

A

small root

91
Q

What do plants need to germinate?

A

oxygen ; respire
warmth ; optimum temp
water ; activate enzymes

92
Q

Describe germination in plants

A
  • zygote develops into embryonic plant with radicle and plumule
93
Q

What happens to the fertilised ovum in fruit formation?

A

becomes seed

94
Q

What happens to the ovary in fruit formation?

A

becomes fruit

95
Q

What happens to the ovule wall in fruit formation?

A

becomes testa

96
Q

What happens to the ovum wall in fruit formation?

A

becomes fruit coat

97
Q

What happens to the other contents in fruit formation?

A

becomes cotyledons

iGCSE Biology (22 decks)

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