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iGCSE Biology > Coordination and Control > Flashcards

Coordination and Control Flashcards

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1
Q

What are all living organisms able to do?

A
  • respond to change
  • make coordinated response
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2
Q

What does coordinated mean?

A

body able to make things happen in different parts of body at right time

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3
Q

What are the two organ systems that humans have?

A

endocrine
nervous

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4
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

hormones

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5
Q

How do humans make coordinated responses?

A

endocrine and nervous systems

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6
Q

How do plants make coordinated responses?

A

plant growth substances

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7
Q

What are the three things that are required for a coordinated reponse?

A

stimulus
receptor
effector

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8
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

change in surroundings

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9
Q

What is a receptor?

A

organ that detects change in surroundings

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10
Q

What is an effector?

A

muscles that contract to make a coordinated response

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11
Q

How are the stimulus and coordinated response linked?

A

endocrine system

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12
Q

How do receptors work?

A

detect change then change energy into nerve impulses

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13
Q

What do receptors use?

A

energy conversion

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14
Q

What is the central nervous sytem?

A

brain and spinal chord

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15
Q

What responses does the central nervous system coordinate?

A

movement and reflexes

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16
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

contains all other nerves

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17
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system do?

A

sends impulses to effectors

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18
Q

What are nerve cells called?

A

neurones

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19
Q

What are neurones?

A

nerve cells

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20
Q

What are the three types of neurones?

A

sensory neurones
relay neurones
motor neurones

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21
Q

What is the role of sensory neurones?

A

carry impulses from receptors to central nervous system

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22
Q

Which neurone carries impulses from receptors to central nervous system?

A

sensory neurones

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23
Q

Which neurones act immediately after the stimulus is received?

A

sensory neurones

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24
Q

What is the role of the relay neurones?

A

connect the receptor to the effector via the central nervous sytem

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25
Q

Which neurones connect the receptor to the effector?

A

relay neurones

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26
Q

What is the role of the motor neruones?

A

pass electrical impulse to effectors from central nervous system

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27
Q

Which neurones pass the electrical impulse from the central nervous system to the effectors?

A

motor neurones

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28
Q

What is the order of the relay neurones?

A
  1. sensory
  2. relay
  3. motor
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29
Q

What does the body use to send messages to respond to the environement?

A

electrical impulses

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30
Q

What does the body use electrical impulses for?

A

sending messages around the body to respond to the environment

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31
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

Contains genetic information of cell

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32
Q

What is a dendrite?

A

Tree like projections which connect to different neurones

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33
Q

What is a cell body?

A

main section of cell

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34
Q

Where is the nucleus found in a neurone cell?

A

cell body

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35
Q

What is an axon?

A

long section of neurone cell that allows electrical impulses to travel long distances

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36
Q

What is myelin sheath?

A

surrounds axon

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37
Q

What is the role of the myelin sheath?

A

insulates axon to speed up transmission of impulse

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38
Q

What are reflexes?

A

automated actions that do not involve the brain

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39
Q

What is the speed of reflexes like?

A

very fast

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40
Q

Which neurones are involved in reflexes?

A

sensory, relay and motor

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41
Q

What does a reflex not include?

A

central nervous system

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42
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

movement from receptor to effector

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43
Q

What is the movement from receptor to effector called?

A

reflex arc

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44
Q

What is the gap between neurones called?

A

synapse

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45
Q

What are synapses?

A

gaps between neurones

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46
Q

Do neurones ever touch?

A

no they do not - they have synapses

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47
Q

What travels along the axon?

A

electrical impulses

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48
Q

What does the electrical impulse travelling along the axon trigger?

A

nerve ending of neurone releases chemical messengers

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49
Q

What causes chemical messengers to be released?

A

electrical impulse travelling along the axon

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50
Q

What are chemical messengers released from the nerve endings called?

A

neurotransmitters

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51
Q

Where are neurotransmitters released from?

A

nerve endings of neurones

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52
Q

How do neurotransmitters move?

A

diffuse

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53
Q

What do neurotransmitters bind with?

A

bind with receptor molecules of the next neurone

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54
Q

How are neurotransmitters specific?

A

binding only occurs between specific chemical messengers from the first and second chemical messnegers

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55
Q

What stimulates the second neurone to transmit the electrical impulse?

A

binding of neurotransmitters in the synapse

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56
Q

What does the binding of neurotransmitters stimulate?

A

electrical impulse

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57
Q

Give an example of a sensory organ

A

the eye

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58
Q

What is the eye an example of?

A

sensory organ

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59
Q

What makes the eye a sensory organ?

A

detects light and sends impulse to the brain

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60
Q

What is the cornea?

A

curved transparent disc at the front of the eye

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61
Q

Where is the cornea located?

A

front of the eye

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62
Q

What shape is the cornea?

A

curved transparent disc

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63
Q

What is the role of the cornea?

A

focusing of eye

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64
Q

What is the pupil?

A

circular opening in the eye

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65
Q

What controls the size of the pupil?

A

iris

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66
Q

What does the iris control?

A

size of pupil

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67
Q

What is the iris?

A

ring of muscles with pupil in the middle

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68
Q

What is controlled by the iris?

A

amount of light entering the eye

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69
Q

What is the lens like?

A

soft, flexible and transparent

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70
Q

What changes the shape of the lens?

A

ciliary muscles

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71
Q

What does the lens focus the light on to?

A

retina

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72
Q

What are the ciliary muscles?

A

ring of muscles at the edge of the eye which circle the lens

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73
Q

What happens when the ciliary muscles contract?

A

lens gets fatter

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74
Q

What happens when the ciliary muscles relax?

A

lens gets thinner

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75
Q

What are suspensory ligaments?

A

strong fibres which attach the lens to the ciliary muscles

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76
Q

What attaches the lens to the ciliary muscles?

A

suspensory ligaments

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77
Q

What is the retina?

A

contains light sensitive cells

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78
Q

What are the light sensitive cells?

A

rods and cones

79
Q

What are rods?

A

light sensitive cells that detect light intensity

80
Q

What are cones?

A

light sensitive cells that detect colours

81
Q

What is the optic nerve?

A

consists of neurones that carry electrical impulses from retina to brain

82
Q

What sends electrical impulses from the retina to the brain?

A

optic nerve

83
Q

What is the fovea?

A

region of retina with greatest number of cones

84
Q

Which area has the greatest number of cones?

A

fovea

85
Q

What is the cojunctiva?

A

mucous membrane that covers eye to prevent infection

86
Q

What protects the eye from infection?

A

conjunctiva

87
Q

What is the iris reflex?

A

iris responding to light intensity in surroundings by changing size of pupil

88
Q

What happens to radial muscles in dim light?

A

radial muscles contract in dim light

89
Q

What happens to circular muscles in dim light?

A

circular muscles relax in dim light

90
Q

What happens to the iris in dim light?

A

iris narrows in dim light

91
Q

What happens to the pupil in dim light?

A

pupil dilates in dim light

92
Q

What happens to the radial muscles in bright light?

A

radial muscles relax in bright light

93
Q

What happens to circular muscles in bright light?

A

circular muscles contract in bright light

94
Q

What happens to the iris in bright light?

A

iris widens in bright light

95
Q

What happens to the pupil in bright light?

A

pupil constricts in bright light

96
Q

What is the stimulus for the iris reflex?

A

light intensity

97
Q

What are the effectors for the iris reflex?

A

muscles of the iris

98
Q

What are the muscles of the iris?

A

radial muscles and circular muscles

99
Q

What is accommodation?

A

changes that take place in eye that allow objects at different distances to be seen

100
Q

What are the light rays like when looking at a distant object?

A

almost parallel

101
Q

When are the light rays almost parallel when reaching the cornea?

A

looking at a distant object

102
Q

What are the light rays like when looking at a close object?

A

spreading out and diverging

103
Q

When are the light rays spreading out and diverging when reaching the cornea?

A

looking at a close object

104
Q

What must the eye do to deal with light rays from a far away object?

A

not much - almost parallel rays

105
Q

What must the eye do to deal with light rays from a close object?

A

refract the light - ensure it focusses on the retina

106
Q

What happens to the ciliary muscles when looking at a far away object?

A

ciliary muscles relax when looking at a far away object

107
Q

When do ciliary muscles relax?

A

when looking at a far away object

108
Q

What happens to the suspensory ligaments when looking at a far away object?

A

suspensory ligaments tighten when looking at a far away object

109
Q

When do the suspensory ligaments tighten?

A

when looking at a far away object

110
Q

What happens to the lens when looking at a far away object?

A

lens is pulled thin when looking at a far away object

111
Q

When is the lens pulled thin?

A

when looking at a far away object

112
Q

What happens to the shape of the lens when looking at a far away object?

A

less convex when looking at a far away object

113
Q

When is the lens less convex in shape?

A

looking at a far away object

114
Q

What is the refraction of the light like when looking at a far away object?

A

less refraction

115
Q

What happens to the ciliary muscles when looking at a close object?

A

contract when looking at a close object

116
Q

When are ciliary muscles contracted?

A

when looking at a close object

117
Q

What happens to the suspensory ligaments when looking at a close object?

A

slacken when looking at a close object

118
Q

When are the suspensory ligaments slack?

A

when looking at a close object

119
Q

What happens to the lens when looking at a close object?

A

lens is thick when looking at a close object

120
Q

When is the lens thick?

A

when looking at a close object

121
Q

What happens to the shape of the lens when looking at a close object?

A

more convex shape when looking at a close object

122
Q

When is the shape of the lens more convex in shape?

A

when looking at a close object

123
Q

What is the refraction like when looking at a close object?

A

more refraction

124
Q

What is the sclera?

A

tough outer core of eye

125
Q

What is the role of the sclera?

A

protect the eye and hold it in place

126
Q

What does the endocrine system use?

A

proteins called hormones

127
Q

How do hormones act?

A

released from gland into blood stream to target specific cells in the body

128
Q

What is the speed of action by the endocrine system?

A

slow (except adrenaline)

129
Q

What is the speed of action by the nervous system?

A

fast

130
Q

What type of message is used in the edocrine system?

A

chemical messages

131
Q

What type of message is used in the nervous system?

A

electrical impulse

132
Q

What method of sending is used in the endocrine system?

A

via blood - dissolved in plasma

133
Q

What method of sending is used in the nervous system?

A

along neurones

134
Q

What is the response to the message sent by the endocrine system?

A

only target cells respond to the message but sent all over body

135
Q

What is the response to the message sent by the nervous system?

A

sent directly to target muscle or gland

136
Q

What is the role of the endocrine system?

A

controls long term processes

137
Q

What long term processes are controlled by the endocrine system?

A

reproduction and growth

138
Q

What is the role of the nervous system?

A

used when a fast response is needed

139
Q

How do I remember the glands that release hormones?

A

BRING
THE
ACTION
POUR
TOTALLY
OVER

140
Q

What are the glands that release hormones?

A

brain
thyroid
adrenal
pancreas
testis
ovaries

141
Q

Which gland releases insulin?

A

pancreas

142
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A

causes liver and muscles to take up glucose to convert it into glycogen

143
Q

What effect does insulin have blood glucose levels?

A

insulin reduces blood glucose levels

144
Q

Which gland releases ADH?

A

pituitary gland

145
Q

What is the function of ADH?

A

reduces water lost in urine

146
Q

Which gland releases oestrogen?

A

ovaries

147
Q

What is the function of oestrogen?

A

thickens uterus lining
secondary female characteristics

148
Q

Which gland releases progesterone?

A

ovaries

149
Q

What is the function of progesterone?

A

maintains uterus lining
secondary female characteristics

150
Q

Which gland releases testosterone?

A

testis

151
Q

What is the function of testosterone?

A

stimulates development of secondary male characteristics

152
Q

Which gland releases adrenaline?

A

adrenal gland

153
Q

What is the function of adrenaline?

A

increases heart beat and breathing rate for fight or flight

154
Q

Which gland releases FSH?

A

pituitary gland

155
Q

Which gland releases LH?

A

pituitary gland

156
Q

What is the function of FSH?

A

stimulates egg to mature

157
Q

What is the function of LH?

A

stimulates release of egg for ovulation

158
Q

Define homeostasis

A

maintenance of constant internal environment

159
Q

What hormone increases blood glucose level?

A

glucagon

160
Q

What is the function of glucagon?

A

increase blood glucose level

161
Q

What does homeostasis respond to?

A

negative feedback

162
Q

Why must body temperature be measured and controlled?

A

enzymes optimum temperature or denatured

163
Q

Why must water levels be measured and controlled?

A

lysed or shrivelled cells

164
Q

Why must glucose levels be measured and controlled?

A

respiration

165
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

monitors the blood temperature

166
Q

How is blood temperature controlled?

A

sweating
shivering
blood flowing by skin surface

167
Q

Explain how hair standing on end means less heat is lost

A

hair traps layer of air - acts as an insulator

168
Q

Explain how less sweat released means less heat is lost

A

less heat lost via evaporation

169
Q

When does vasoconstriction occur?

A

too cold

170
Q

When does vasodilation occur?

A

too hot

171
Q

What happens to arterioles near skin surface when body is too cold?

A

constrict - less blood flows

172
Q

How does vasoconstriction mean less heat is lost?

A

less blood flowing - less heat lost by radiation

173
Q

Explain how hair lying flat means more heat is lost

A

insulating layer of air is not formed

174
Q

Explain how sweat being release means more heat is lost

A

heat energy taken away from body via evaporation

175
Q

What happens to sweat?

A

evaporates from skin surface

176
Q

What happens to arterioles near skin surface when body is too hot?

A

arterioles dilate - more blood flows

177
Q

How does vasodilation mean more heat is lost?

A

more blood flows - more heat lost by radiation

178
Q

Define osmoregulation

A

maintaining water levels within body

179
Q

How can water levels be changed?

A

permeability of collecting duct in nephron

180
Q

What monitors water levels in blood?

A

hypothalamus

181
Q

What effect does ADH have on the collecting duct?

A

increases permeability

182
Q

How does the collecting duct increased permeability effect water content in urine?

A

decreases water content

183
Q

What stimuli do plants respond to?

A

light and gravity

184
Q

What is phototropism?

A

growth responses to light in one direction

185
Q

What is geotropism?

A

growth responses to gravity in one direction

186
Q

What is the plant growth substance that controls response to tropisms?

A

auxins

187
Q

What are auxins?

A

plant growth substances that control responses to tropisms

188
Q

How do shoots respond to phototropism?

A

positive phototropism

189
Q

Where does negative phototropism occur?

A

roots

190
Q

Where does positive geotropism occur?

A

roots

191
Q

How do shoots respond to geotropism?

A

negative geotropism

192
Q

How do auxins promote growth in a direction?

A
  1. auxins build up one side
  2. elongate/grow more
  3. bends in direction
193
Q

Define hormone

A

chemical messenger that moves from gland to target organ via bloodstream

iGCSE Biology (22 decks)

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