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My IGCSE Biology > Transport > Flashcards

Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

Give 2 reasons why unicellular organisms can rely on diffusion alone

A
  • They have a large surface area to volume ratio due to their size
  • They have low metabolic demands
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2
Q

What does the phloem transport?

A

Sugars like sucrose

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3
Q

What direction does the phloem transport sugars?

A

The phloem transports sugars up and down the plant from source to sink.

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4
Q

What does the xylem transport?

A

The xylem transports water and minerals.

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5
Q

What direction does the xylem transport water and minerals?

A

Up the plant (from the roots to the leaves).

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6
Q

How are root hair cells adapted to their function?

A
  • Long root hair extension to increase surface area for uptake
  • Thin membranes to decrease the diffusion distance
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7
Q

State 3 benefits of transpiration

A
  • The stream of water cools the plant
  • The water helps to support the plant by creating turgor pressure
  • The plant has a constant water supply for photosynthesis
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8
Q

How is the xylem adapted to transport water?

A
  • It is waterproofed using a substance called lignin
  • The xylem cells are dead and have no organelles so there is more space for water
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9
Q

Describe the process of transpiration

A
  • Water is lost through the stomata
  • More water is drawn up to replace the lost water
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10
Q

What is the transpiration stream?

A

The transpiration stream is the flow of water through a plant.

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11
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of transpiration?

A
  • As the temperature increases, so does the transpiration rate
  • The molecules have more KE and evaporation happens faster
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12
Q

How does light intensity affect the rate of transpiration?

A
  • The brighter the light, the more stomata are open and the rate of photosynthesis increases which both decrease the amount of water in the plant
  • The rate of transpiration increases
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13
Q

How does the wind speed affect the rate of transpiration?

A

The faster the wind speed, the faster the water is moved away from the plant, creating a steeper gradient and increasing the transpiration rate

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14
Q

Describe translocation

A

Translocation is the movement of sugars up or down the phloem from source to sink (with the use of energy)

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15
Q

Name 4 components of the blood

A
  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Platelets
  • Plasma
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16
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Platelets are small fragments of cells that are involved in blood clotting.

17
Q

State 2 benefits of blood clotting

A
  • It prevents the entry of microorganisms
  • It prevents blood loss
18
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to their function?

A
  • Contain haemoglobin to carry oxygen
  • Biconcave shape to maximise surface area and allow them to squeeze through capillaries
  • No nucleus to maximise space for haemoglobin
19
Q

What is the purpose of plasma?

A

Plasma is the liquid part of the blood and its purpose is to act as a transport medium to transport CO2, hormones, nutrients and waste products.

20
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

White blood cells are involved in phagocytosis and some white blood cells produce antibodies.

21
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A disease-causing microorganism

22
Q

Give 2 ways that the body can respond to detecting a pathogen

A
  • Lymphocytes can produce antibodies that are specific to the antigens on the pathogen
  • Phagocytes can engulf the pathogen
23
Q

How do vaccines work?

A
  • Dead or inactive pathogens are injected into the body
  • The body produces antibodies against the pathogen
  • Memory cells are also created to provide long term immunity
24
Q

Describe the double circulatory system in mammals

A

The heart pumps blood to the lungs, the oxygenated blood returns to the heart and is then pumped around the body.

25
Q

What is the difference in function between veins, arteries and capillaries?

A

● Arteries carry blood away from the heart
● Veins carry blood towards (into) the heart
● Capillaries flow close to tissues for exchange

26
Q

Describe the structure of arteries

A

They have thick walls made of muscle and elastic tissue and a small lumen to transport blood under high pressure

27
Q

Describe the structure of capillaries

A

They have thin walls about one cell thick to allow for the easy exchange of substances at the tissues.

28
Q

Describe the structure of veins

A

Veins have less muscle and elastic tissue than arteries and they have a larger lumen as the blood is at lower pressure, they also have valves to prevent backflow

29
Q

Describe the blood flow through the right side of the heart

A
  • Deoxygenated blood flows into the right atrium from the vena cava
  • This blood passes through the right AV valve into the right ventricle
  • The blood is then pumped out of the heart to the lungs through the right SL valve and into the pulmonary artery
30
Q

Describe the blood flow through the left side of the heart

A
  • Blood enters into the left atrium from the pulmonary vein
  • The blood is then pumped through the left AV valve into the left ventricle
  • The blood is then pumped out through the left SL valve and into the aorta
31
Q

What is the name of the wall that separates the right and left sides of the heart?

A

The septum

32
Q

What is the name of the artery that supplies the heart tissue with blood?

A

The coronary artery

33
Q

What type of muscle is the heart made of?

A

Cardiac muscle

34
Q

Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker than the wall of the right ventricle?

A

The left ventricle has to pump blood a further distance around the whole body so the blood needs to be under a higher pressure.

35
Q

What does adrenaline do to the heart rate?

A

Adrenaline increases the heart rate as it triggers the ‘fight or flight’ reflex.

36
Q

State 2 parts of the body (aside from the heart) that adrenaline affects

A
  • Adrenaline dilates the pupils
  • Adrenaline increases the breathing rate
37
Q

Why does the heart rate increase during exercise?

A
  • More muscle movement requires more energy from respiration
  • The muscle tissues need to be provided with a supply of oxygen to carry out respiration and so the heart needs to pump faster to provide the oxygen
38
Q

What is coronary heart disease (CHD)?

A

When the artery providing the heart tissue with blood becomes blocked.

39
Q

Give 3 common risk factors for coronary heart disease

A
  • Smoking
  • Poor diet
  • Lack of exercise

My IGCSE Biology (32 decks)

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