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My IGCSE Biology > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis is the process where some organisms are able to turn light energy into chemical energy.

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2
Q

What type of organisms use photosynthesis to make their own food?

A

Producers

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3
Q

What type of reaction is photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction.

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4
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts.

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5
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen

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6
Q

What is the symbol equation for photosynthesis?

A
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7
Q

Explain the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis

A
  • As temperature increases, so does the rate of photosynthesis
  • Once the temperature exceeds the optimum, the rate of photosynthesis decreases as enzymes begin to denature
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8
Q

Explain the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis

A

As the light intensity increases, so does the rate of photosynthesis.

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9
Q

What is the inverse square law?

A

As the distance from the light source
doubles, the light intensity quarters.

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10
Q

Explain the effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis

A

As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases, so does the rate of photosynthesis.

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11
Q

What is a limiting factor?

A

A factor that limits the rate of a reaction when there is not enough of it.

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12
Q

Describe the structure of leaf tissue

A
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13
Q

Give 3 ways leaves are adapted for photosynthesis

A
  • They are thin which provides a short diffusion distance
  • The spongy mesophyll layer has lots of air spaces for efficient gas exchange
  • Palisade mesophyll cells have lots of chloroplasts for photosynthesis
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14
Q

What are mineral ions used for in a plant?

A

Mineral ions are used for growth in plants.

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15
Q

Give 2 common ions in plants

A
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16
Q

What are magnesium ions used for in plants?

A

They are used in chlorophyll

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17
Q

What are nitrate ions used for in organisms?

A

Nitrate ions are used in amino acids.

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18
Q

Why is a balanced diet important?

A

The body needs different substances in different proportions to function properly, too much or too little of different things can be harmful.

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19
Q

What 7 groups are needed for a balanced diet?

A
  • Carbohydrates,
  • proteins,
  • lipids (fats),
  • vitamins,
  • minerals,
  • water
  • dietary fibre.
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20
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates in the diet?

A

Carbohydrates are the body’s main source of energy.

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21
Q

What are the functions of proteins in the body?

A

Proteins can have structural or metabolic roles in the body and are used as hormones, enzymes, antibodies, etc

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22
Q

What are the functions of lipids in the body?

A
  • Energy storage
  • Cell membranes
  • Buoyancy
  • Insulation
23
Q

What is vitamin A used for?

A
  • Keeping the skin healthy
  • Improved vision in the dark
  • Strengthening the immune system
24
Q

What is vitamin C used for?

A

Growth and repair

25
Q

What is vitamin D used for?

A

Vitamin D is used in the absorption of calcium.

26
Q

What is calcium used for in the body?

A

Calcium strengthens bones and teeth.

27
Q

What is iron used for in the body?

A

Iron is used in haemoglobin to transport oxygen in the blood.

28
Q

What is water used for in the body?

A
  • A reaction medium
  • Temperature control
  • Transport
29
Q

What is dietary fibre used for?

A

It helps keep everything flowing through the digestive system.

30
Q

Compare the energy requirements of more and less active people

A

The more active a person is, the greater their energy requirement.

31
Q

Describe how energy requirements change as we age

A

Adults generally require more energy than children.

32
Q

What is the alimentary canal?

A

The alimentary canal is the complete tube that food passes through as it passes through the body.

33
Q

What is the difference between the alimentary canal and the digestive system?

A

The alimentary canal involves the tubes that the food passes through whereas the digestive system also includes digestive glands.

34
Q

Describe the passage of food through the alimentary canal

A

Mouth → oesophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → rectum

35
Q

What is the function of the mouth?

A
  • To chew and break down food
  • To secrete digestive enzymes
36
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

The tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach.

37
Q

What does the stomach do?

A

The stomach is a muscular sac containing acid that pummels the food and breaks it down further.

38
Q

What role does the pancreas play in digestion?

A

The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine.

39
Q

What are the two parts of the small intestine called?

A

Duodenum and ileum

40
Q

What is the function of the duodenum?

A

The duodenum receives food directly from the stomach and uses enzymes and chemical digestion to break the food down.

41
Q

What is the function of the ileum?

A

Most nutrients are absorbed from the food in the ileum into the blood.

42
Q

How is the ileum adapted for absorption?

A

The ileum is lined with villi which provide a large surface area for reabsorption

43
Q

How are villi adapted for absorption?

A
  • Thin walls
  • Large surface area
  • Good blood supply close to the surface
44
Q

What is the function of the large intestine (colon)?

A

Water is reabsorbed into the blood in the large intestine

45
Q

What is the function of the rectum?

A

The rectum stores faeces before egestion

46
Q

How does peristalsis work to push food through the gut?

A

Muscles contract in a wave like fashion which pushes food along.

47
Q

What enzymes break starch down to glucose?

A

Maltase and amylase

48
Q

What group of enzymes break proteins down into amino acids?

A

Proteases

49
Q

What group of enzymes break lipids down into glycerol and fatty acids?

A

Lipases

50
Q

What does bile do?

A
  • Bile neutralises the stomach acid and provides alkaline conditions for the digestive enzymes in the small intestine
  • Bile also emulsifies fats
51
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

Bile is produced in the liver

52
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

Bile is produced in the liver

53
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Bile is stored in the gallbladder

My IGCSE Biology (32 decks)

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