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My IGCSE Biology > Co-ordination and Response > Flashcards

Co-ordination and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Maintaining a constant internal environment despite external change.

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2
Q

State 3 conditions which need to be controlled within the body

A
  • Temperature
  • Water levels
  • Blood glucose concentration
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3
Q

What are the 3 main parts to a coordinated response?

A
  • A stimulus (e.g. temperature change)
  • A receptor (to detect the change)
  • An effector (to carry out the response)
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4
Q

What does auxin trigger?

A

Auxin triggers growth of the main stem of the plant (and it inhibits the growth of side shoots).

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5
Q

What is phototropism and which part of a plant is positively phototropic?

A

Phototropism is the growth of a plant towards a light source. The shoots are positively phototropic (they grow towards the light source).

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6
Q

What is geotropism and which part of a plant is positively geotropic?

A

Geotropism is the growth of a plant towards the pull of gravity. The roots are positively geotropic (they grow down in the same direction as the pull of gravity).

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7
Q

How does auxin cause the shoots to grow towards the light source?

A
  • Auxin collects on the shaded side
  • Auxin promotes cell growth
  • The shoot curves towards the light
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8
Q

Give 3 differences between nervous and hormonal communication

A
  • Nervous communication uses nerve cells and impulses whereas hormones are secreted by glands and travel in the blood
  • Nervous communication is generally much faster than hormonal communication
  • Hormonal communication usually brings about longer lasting responses than nervous communication
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9
Q

What is the difference between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system?

A

The central nervous system is the brain and the spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is every other part of the nervous system.

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10
Q

How is an impulse transmitted between two neurones?

A
  • The impulse reaches the end of one neurone
  • A neurotransmitter is released and it diffuses across the gap
  • A new impulse is triggered in the next neurone
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11
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

A stimulus is a change in the environment

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12
Q

What type of neurone connects a receptor to the CNS?

A

A sensory neurone

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13
Q

What is an effector?

A

A part of the body that brings about the response to a stimulus like a muscle or a gland.

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14
Q

What type of neurone connects the CNS to an effector?

A

A motor neurone

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15
Q

Describe the reflex arc

A
  1. Stimulus detected by a receptor
  2. Impulse passed along sensory neurone to CNS
  3. Impulse passed along motor neurone to effector
  4. Effector brings about the response
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16
Q

Describe the sequence of events involved in removing a hand away from a hot flame

A
  • Thermoreceptors in the hand detect the heat of the flame
  • An impulse is sent along a sensory neurone
  • The impulse passes through relay neurones in the CNS
  • The impulse then passes along a motor neurone and triggers the muscles in the arm to move the hand away
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17
Q

What is the cornea and what is its function?

A

The transparent layer in front of the eye that protects the eye from damage

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18
Q

What is the iris and what is its function?

A

The coloured ring around the pupil that controls its diameter

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19
Q

What is the pupil and what is its function?

A

The pupil is the hole in the middle of the iris that lets light into the eye

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20
Q

What is the optic nerve and what is its function?

A

The nerve coming out the back of the eye that sends signals to the brain

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21
Q

What is the function of the lens?

A

The lens focuses the light rays onto the retina

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22
Q

What is the retina and what is its function?

A

The retina is the back part of the eye and it converts visual stimuli into electrical impulses

23
Q

What do the ciliary body and suspensory ligaments do?

A

They control the shape of the lens (accomodation)

24
Q

How does the eye focus on near objects?

A
  • Ciliary muscles contract
  • Suspensory ligaments relax, causing the lens to thicken
  • Thicker lens causes the light to refract more
25
Q

How does the eye focus on far away objects?

A
  • Ciliary muscles relax and suspensory ligaments stretch, which makes the lens thinner
  • Thinner lens causes the light to refract less
26
Q

How does the eye respond to bright light?

A

The iris contracts, making the pupil smaller and letting in less light

27
Q

How does the eye respond to a lack of light?

A

The iris relaxes which makes the pupil larger and lets in more light.

28
Q

Why does the temperature need to be controlled?

A

To provide a suitable environment for enzymes so that they can work fastest at their optimum temperature

29
Q

Give 2 processes involving the skin that cool the body down

A

Sweating - Cools the body by evaporation
Vasodilation - Allows blood to flow closer to the surface of the skin where it can cool

30
Q

Describe the process of vasodilation

A
  • The body detects a rise in temperature
  • Blood vessels supplying the capillaries at the skin surface dilate (the muscles in the vessels relax)
  • More blood flows closer to the skin where it can cool
31
Q

Give 3 processes that work to keep the body warm

A
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Shivering
  • Erection of hairs on the skin
32
Q

Describe the process of vasoconstriction

A
  • The body detects a drop in temperature
  • Blood vessels supplying the capillaries at the skin surface constrict (the muscles in the vessels contract)
  • Less blood flows closer to the skin surface so less heat is lost to the surroundings
33
Q

What are hormones?

A

Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted by glands of the endocrine system into the bloodstream.

34
Q

What does insulin do in the body?

A

Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration

35
Q

Where is insulin secreted from?

A

The β cells of the pancreas

36
Q

What does testosterone do?

A
  • Main male sex hormone
  • Involved in growth of testes and penis
  • Triggers many changes in males during puberty (hair growth, deeper voice, increased muscle mass)
37
Q

Where is testosterone secreted from?

A

The testes

38
Q

When is adrenaline secreted?

A

During times of anxiety, fear or stress

39
Q

Where is adrenaline released from?

A

The adrenal glands

40
Q

Give 3 effects of adrenaline in the body

A
  • Increases heart and breathing rate
  • Increases blood glucose concentration
  • Dilates the pupils
41
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

Oestrogen causes the uterus lining to thicken

42
Q

Where is oestrogen secreted from?

A

The ovaries

43
Q

What hormone does oestrogen inhibit?

A

Oestrogen inhibits follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

44
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Progesterone maintains the womb lining

45
Q

Where is progesterone secreted from?

A

The ovaries

46
Q

What hormone does progesterone inhibit?

A

Progesterone inhibits follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

47
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Progesterone maintains the womb lining

48
Q

Where is progesterone secreted from?

A

The ovaries

49
Q

What hormone does progesterone inhibit?

A

Progesterone inhibits follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

50
Q

What does follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) do?

A

FSH stimulates the follicle to mature and release oestrogen.

51
Q

What does luteinising hormone (LH) do?

A

A surge in LH causes the release of an egg from a follicle (ovulation).

52
Q

Where is FSH secreted from?

A

The anterior pituitary gland

53
Q

Where is LH secreted from?

A

The anterior pituitary gland

54
Q

Where is ADH secreted from?

A

The posterior pituitary gland

My IGCSE Biology (32 decks)

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