Translation

Question 1

Goal of translation is?

Answer 1

To make polypeptides from mRNA sequence

Question 2

“ORF”

-The codons of an mRNA that are read sequentially to specify amino acids

Answer 2

Open Reading Frame

Question 3

Characteristics of the genetic code

Answer 3

• Triplet Code
• Continuous
• Nonoverlapping
• Universal
• Redundant/degenerate
• Unambiguous
• Codon bias
• Wobble

Question 4

Each mRNA codon consists of 3 nucleotides

Answer 4

Triplet Code

Question 5

The mRNA is read 3 nucleotides at a time without skipping any nucleotides

Answer 5

Continuous

Question 6

The mRNA is read in successive groups of 3 nucleotides

Answer 6

Nonoverlapping

Question 7

All known organisms have the same genetic language

Answer 7

Universal

Question 8

More than 1 codon occurs for each amino acid, 3rd nucleotide might differ

Answer 8

Redundant/degenerate

Question 9

One codon specifies one amino acid

Answer 9

Unambiguous

Question 10

Calls for beginning and end of an “ORF”

Answer 10

Start and stop signals

Question 11

AUG=?

Answer 11

Start codon

Question 12

Stop codons=?

Answer 12

nonsense codons

Question 13

The tendency of an organism to use a certain codon for 1 amino acid more than others

Answer 13

Codon bias

Question 14

Basepairing between tRNA anticodon and mRNA codon doesn’t necessarily follow complementary basepairing ules at the 3rd nucleotide

Answer 14

Wobble

Question 15

Why is Wobble advantageous?

Answer 15

Because the cell only needs to have 1 tRNA for leucine

-energetically favorable

Question 16

The genetic code is ________, meaning that an amino acid may be coded by more than one codon.

a. unambiguous
b. degenerate
c. commaless
d. universal
e. nonoverlapping

Answer 16

b. degenerate

Question 17

Polymers of amino acids that are connected by peptide bonds

Answer 17

Polypeptides

Question 18

N

Answer 18

Amino end (at 5’)

Question 19

C

Answer 19

Carboxyl end (at 3’)

Question 20

Covalent bond between amino acids

Answer 20

Peptide bond

Question 21

Catalyzes the peptide bond formation by dehydration

Answer 21

Ribosome

Question 22

_______ along the polypeptide determine how it will fold and thus function.

Answer 22

R groups

Question 23

Have unique features governed by their R group

Answer 23

Amino acids

Question 24

Dictates how a protein is folded and thus function

Answer 24

Amino acid sequence

Question 25

Although some amino acids may look similar, small changes in the amino acid sequence can have darastic effects on protein and phenotype

Answer 25

Amino acid sequence

Question 26

Nonpolar: Hydrophobic Amino Acids

Answer 26

Alanine, Methionine
Valine, Phenylalanine
Leucine, Tryptophan
Isoleucine, Proline

Question 27

Polar: Hydrophilic Amino Acids

Answer 27

Glycine, Aspargenine
Serine, Glutamine
Threonine Tyrosine
Cysteine

Question 28

Polar: (+) charge BASIC

Answer 28

Lysine
Arginine
Histidine

Question 29

Polar: (-) charge ACIDIC

Answer 29

Aspartic Acid

Glutamic Acid

Question 30

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Answer 30

Primary structure

Question 31

The folding and twisting of a single polypeptide chain into a variety of forms (alpha helix, beta-pleated sheet)

Answer 31

Secondary structure

Question 32

The specific 3D folding of a polypeptide chain

Answer 32

Tertiary structure

Question 33

The aggregate of polypeptide chains that make up a multisubunit protein

Answer 33

Quaternary structure

Question 34

Multiple ribosomes translating the same mRNA concurrently,

-In both proks and euks

Answer 34

Polyribosomes (polysomes)

Question 35

Co-transcription and translation in ________.

Answer 35

Prokaryotes