Mutations

Question 1

Result in partially or fully non functional gene product

-known as a null mutation

Answer 1

Loss of function mutation

Question 2

Causes the gene product to have more activity

ex. cancer cells

Answer 2

Gain of function mutiation

Question 3

Drives evolution through adaptation, not always bad

Answer 3

Mutation

Question 4

Is the creation of mutations

Answer 4

Mutagenesis

Question 5

Mistakes during replication
Base can exist in 2 isomers with different base pairing properties
ex. G=A

Answer 5

Spontaneous Mutations

Question 6

Caused by mutagens:

• chemcals
• environmental factors that cause mutation
• Change covalent bonds

Answer 6

Induced mutations

Question 7

Mutagens:

Answer 7

• Base modifying agents
• intercalating agents
• base analogs

Question 8

Insert themselves between base pairs

Answer 8

Intercalating agents

Question 9

Look like DNA and nucleotides, so they get translated

Answer 9

Base analogs

Question 10

Two major classes of mutations

Answer 10

1. Somatic Mutation

2. Germ-line Mutation

Question 11

Mutation not passed on to next generation

ex. moles

Answer 11

Somatic Mutation

Question 12

Transmitted to future generations

-progeny has the mutation in both somatic and germ-line cells.

Answer 12

Germ-line Mutation

Question 13

Which of the following categories of mutation is not possible to pass to offspring?

a. silent
b. somatic
c. frameshift
d. induced
e. x-linked

Answer 13

b. somatic

Question 14

Types of mutations

Answer 14

1. Base-pair substitutions

2. Base pair insertions/deletions

Question 15

Mutation that changes 1 basepair to another basepair

Answer 15

Base pair substitution

Question 16

Intercalating; Mutation that adds or removes a basepair

Answer 16

Base pair insertion/deletion

Question 17

2 Major types of base pair substitutions

Answer 17

1. Transition mutation

2. Transversion mutation

Question 18

Mutation that changes one purine-pyrimidine basepair to another purine-pyrimidine basepair.

Answer 18

Transition Mutation

Question 19

Mutation that changes one purine-pyrimidine basepair to a pyrimidine-purine basepair or vice versa.

Answer 19

Transversion mutation

Question 20

A change in a codon so that a different amino acid is added to the polypeptide
-phenotypic change depends on severity of mutation

Answer 20

Missense Mutation

Question 21

Change in structure=change in function

Answer 21

phenotypic result

Question 22

Change from a codon that indicates an amino acid to a stop codon.

Answer 22

Nonsense Mutation

Question 23

Changing 1 codon for 1 amino acid to another codon for the same amino acid

Answer 23

Silent Mutation

Question 24

Change from an amino acid to another amino acid with similar chemical properties
-type of transition mutation

Answer 24

Neutral Mutation

Question 25

• A insertion/deletion has changed the frame

- Shift in the reading frame so that missense or stop results

Answer 25

Frameshift Mutation

Question 26

• Area of genome has 3 nucleotides repeated many times in a row.
• If happens in a coding region, long stretches of the same amino acid repeats itself
• Problem: sticks to each other and cannot do anything.

Answer 26

Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion

Question 27

Change wild type allele to mutant allele

Answer 27

Forward Mutation

Question 28

Change to premutation state

-changes mutant allele so that phenotype becomes more like wild type

Answer 28

Reverse Mutation

Question 29

A mutation that masks original phenotype

-mutation at a different site than the original mutation

Answer 29

Suppressor mutations

Question 30

Within the same gene

-If an insertion occurs, a deletion farther down will rest the frameshift.

Answer 30

Intra genic suppressors

Question 31

Mutation in another gene

Answer 31

Inter genic suppresors