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Bio 233 > Population Genetics > Flashcards

Population Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Study of allele frequencies in a population

A

Population Genetics

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2
Q

All the alleles in a population

A

Gene Pool

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3
Q

A focus of population genetics:

A

To understand the forces that change the gene pool

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4
Q

Why measure genetic variation?

A
  • microevolution
  • genetic engineering
  • infer diversity in preparation for selective pressure
  • inheritance patterns (ex. founder mutation)
  • genetic counselling/ disease probability
  • adaptation
  • history of interbreeding
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5
Q

The proportion of a specific genotype within a population.

-ranges from 0 to 1.

A

Genotypic frequency

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6
Q

Genotypic frequency example: Scarlet tiger moth wing pattern gene (B)
Frequency of BB genotype?
Genotype: BB; # individuals: 452; total # in population: 497

A

F(BB)= #of individuals/total # in population

Frequency=0.909

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7
Q

Portion of an allele within a population.

A

Allelic frequency

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8
Q

Allelic frequency example: Scarlet tiger moth

What is the frequency of the B allele?

A

F(B)= #of a specific allele/total # of all alleles

=(2BB)+(1Bb)/2(total # individuals)

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9
Q

Frequency of dominant allele (A)

A

p

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10
Q

Frequency of recessive allele (a)

A

q

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11
Q

Frequency of heterozygous allele (Aa)

A

2pq

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12
Q

Frequency of Homozygous dominant (AA)

A

p^2

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13
Q

Frequency of Homozygous recessive (aa)

A

q^2

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14
Q

p+q=1

A

Allelic frequency shortcut

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15
Q

Allows us to calculate allelic and genotypic frequencies in the absence of evolutionary forces.

A

Hardy-Weinberg Law

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16
Q

Assumptions about the population for Hardy-Weinberg to work:

A

1) No migration
2) Large population
3) Random mating
4) No mutation
5) No natural selection

17
Q
  • Genetic equilibrium; the frequency of alleles do not change over time.
  • Gives us an idea about genetic variation
A

Hardy-Weinberg Law

18
Q

p^2 + 2pq + q^2

A

Hardy-Weinberg Equation

19
Q

-Like crossing population with itself
-Each individual passes both alleles that it possesses with equal frequency.
(p+q)(p+q)=p^2+2pq+q^2

A

Derivation of Hardy-Weinberg Law

20
Q

If Hardy-Weinberg assumes no evolutionary influences, then what is its purpose?

A
  • Standard of comparison
  • Predictor
  • Control
21
Q

Example: Study geographic-dependent allelic variation

A
  • Allele frequencies vary for populations separated by space across geographic transect.
  • Cline
22
Q

Gradient for allele frequencies that changes in a systematic way according to the physical attributes of the environment.
-Blue mussles and aminopeptidase: LAP
North to South=increasing frequency for LAP94
*LAP94 allows for survival in lower salinity.

A

Cline

23
Q

How is genetic variation measured in a lab?

A

-Measure gene product

24
Q

How is genetic variation measured at the DNA level?

A

-Examine nucleotide sequence directly (BLAST) after PCR
-Examine RNA products (sequence & size differences)
-Look for polymorphism
(For Repeats)
*visualize by microscopy
*PCR & look for size differences on gel
(For SNPs)
*RFLP analysis

25
Q

Sequence changes between individuals.

A

Polymorphisms

26
Q
  • Look for single nt. changes in DNA

- a SNP has changed a restriction enzyme site.

A

RFLP analysis

27
Q

Forces that change allele frequencies:

A
  • Mutation
  • Natural Selection
  • Genetic Drift
  • Migration
28
Q

Converts one allele to another

-New allele may be neutral, can be detrimental or advantageous, thus subject to natural selection.

A

Mutation:

Frequency of alleles in a population is determined by interaction of mutation rates and natural selection

29
Q

Individuals with alleles that confer an advantage in the environment, produce more offspring on average than other in the population.
-Frequency of alleles that confer survival and reproduction advantages increase population over time.

A

Natural Selection

30
Q

The relative reproductive ability of a genotype.

A

Fitness

31
Q

Selective mating type of the same phenotype.

A

Positive

32
Q

Selective mating type of the opposite phenotype.

A

Negative

33
Q

Changes in allele frequencies due to random sampling.

-reduces genetic diversity

A

Genetic Drift

34
Q

Contributes to genetic drift; when population is drastically reduced in #.

A

Bottleneck

35
Q

Contributes to genetic drift; when a population is established from a small # of breeding individuals.

A

Founder Effect

36
Q

Types of migration

A

Immigration

Emigration

37
Q

Type of migration that introduces new alleles

A

Immigration

38
Q

Type of migration that takes away alleles

A

Emigration

39
Q

When an individual migrates and contributes their alleles to the gene pool of the receptive population.

A

Gene Flow

Bio 233 (20 decks)

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