Translation

Question 1

Open reading frame

Answer 1

The codons of an mRNA that are read sequentially (5’ to 3’) to specify amino acids

Question 2

Triplet code

Answer 2

Each mRNA codon consists of 3 nucleotides

Question 3

Continuous

Answer 3

The mRNA is read 3 nucleotides at a time without skipping any

Question 4

Nonoverlapping

Answer 4

The mRNA is read in successive groups of 3 nucleotides

Question 5

Redundant/degenerate

Answer 5

More than 1 codon occurs for each amino acid (3rd nucleotide might be different)
Allows for protection against mutation

Question 6

Unambiguous

Answer 6

1 codon specifies 1 amino acid

Question 7

Start and stop signal

Answer 7

Call for beginning and end of an open reading frame
AUG= start (codes for met)
Stop= nonsense codon (doesn’t code for amino acid)

Question 8

Codon bias

Answer 8

Tendency of an organism to use a certain codon for 1 amino acid more than other codons

Question 9

Wobble

Answer 9

Base pairing between tRNA anticodon and mRNA codon doesn’t necessarily follow complementary base pairing rules at the 3rd nucleotide
Reason: energetic favorability

Question 10

Peptide bond

Answer 10

Covalent bond between amino acids

Formation catalyzed by ribosomes

Question 11

R groups

Answer 11

Variable region of amino acids

Determine how polypeptide will fold and thus function

Question 12

Nonpolar hydrophobic amino acids

Answer 12

Val Ile Pro Phe Ala Leu Met Gly Trp

VIP PALM GT

Question 13

Polar hydrophilic amino acids

Answer 13

Cys Thr Ser Tyr Asn Gln

Come Taste STAG

Question 14

Positively charged polar amino acids

Answer 14

His Arg Lys

Shallow HAL is a positive movie

Question 15

Negatively charged polar amino acids

Answer 15

Asp, Glu

Question 16

Polyribosomes (polysomes)

Answer 16

Multiple ribosomes translating same RNA concurrently

Occur in both proks and euks

Question 17

Simultaneous transcription and translation

Answer 17

Occurs in proks only