Mendel and Meiosis Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell cycle

A

2 phases: M phase (mitotic phase; division) and interphase (replication of chromosomes in preparation for cell division)

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2
Q

3 parts of interphase

A

G1, S (DNA replication), G2

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3
Q

Gametogenesis

A

Formation of haploid gametes in animals

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4
Q

Sporogenesis

A

Formation of haploid spores in plants and fungi

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5
Q

Prophase I

A

Chromosomes condense
Synapsis: homologous chromosomes line up and connect to each other by a synaptonemal complex
Crossing over

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6
Q

Metaphase I

A

Chromosomes line up by homologous pairs along the metaphase plate
Random lineup of pairs

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7
Q

Anaphase I

A

Each pair of homologous chromosomes separates

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8
Q

Telophase I

A

Two haploid cells form

Each chromosome consists of 2 sister chromatids

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9
Q

Prophase II

A

Same as regular prophase (chromosomes condense, mitotic spindle starts to form, etc.)

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10
Q

Metaphase II

A

Sister chromatids align

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11
Q

Anaphase II

A

Sister chromatids separate

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12
Q

Telophase II

A

4 unique haploid daughter cells form

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13
Q

Crossing over

A

Occurs during prophase I

Genetic recombination: mixing of alleles, creating new allelic combinations in chromatids

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14
Q

Chiasma

A

Cross-like structure where crossing over occurs

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15
Q

Tetrad

A

Homologous pair of chromosomes each with 2 sister chromatids

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16
Q

Law of Segregation

A

In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes end up at one pole or the other at random

17
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

In meiosis I, chromosomes don’t influence each other’s segregation

18
Q

Testcross

A

Cross of unknown genotype (homozygous dominant or heterozygous) with homozygous recessive individual
Allows for determination of unknown genotype

19
Q

Product rule

A

The probability of 2 or more independent events occurring simultaneously is the product of their individual probabilities

20
Q

Sum rule

A

The probability of either one of several independent, mutually exclusive events is the sum of their individual probabilities

21
Q

Binomial theorem

A

Probability that a situation will occur when there are multiple ways to get a combination
Probability= [(n!)/(s!t!)] (a^s) (b^t)
n= total # of events, a= probability of outcome #1, b=probability of outcome #2, s=# of times outcome #1 occurs, t=# of times outcome #2 occurs

22
Q

of different gametes that can be formed from a genotype

A
# of gametes= 2^n
n=# of heterozygous gene pairs