Mendel and Meiosis

Question 1

Cell cycle

Answer 1

2 phases: M phase (mitotic phase; division) and interphase (replication of chromosomes in preparation for cell division)

Question 2

3 parts of interphase

Answer 2

G1, S (DNA replication), G2

Question 3

Gametogenesis

Answer 3

Formation of haploid gametes in animals

Question 4

Sporogenesis

Answer 4

Formation of haploid spores in plants and fungi

Question 5

Prophase I

Answer 5

Chromosomes condense
Synapsis: homologous chromosomes line up and connect to each other by a synaptonemal complex
Crossing over

Question 6

Metaphase I

Answer 6

Chromosomes line up by homologous pairs along the metaphase plate
Random lineup of pairs

Question 7

Anaphase I

Answer 7

Each pair of homologous chromosomes separates

Question 8

Telophase I

Answer 8

Two haploid cells form

Each chromosome consists of 2 sister chromatids

Question 9

Prophase II

Answer 9

Same as regular prophase (chromosomes condense, mitotic spindle starts to form, etc.)

Question 10

Metaphase II

Answer 10

Sister chromatids align

Question 11

Anaphase II

Answer 11

Sister chromatids separate

Question 12

Telophase II

Answer 12

4 unique haploid daughter cells form

Question 13

Crossing over

Answer 13

Occurs during prophase I

Genetic recombination: mixing of alleles, creating new allelic combinations in chromatids

Question 14

Chiasma

Answer 14

Cross-like structure where crossing over occurs

Question 15

Tetrad

Answer 15

Homologous pair of chromosomes each with 2 sister chromatids

Question 16

Law of Segregation

Answer 16

In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes end up at one pole or the other at random

Question 17

Law of Independent Assortment

Answer 17

In meiosis I, chromosomes don’t influence each other’s segregation

Question 18

Testcross

Answer 18

Cross of unknown genotype (homozygous dominant or heterozygous) with homozygous recessive individual
Allows for determination of unknown genotype

Question 19

Product rule

Answer 19

The probability of 2 or more independent events occurring simultaneously is the product of their individual probabilities

Question 20

Sum rule

Answer 20

The probability of either one of several independent, mutually exclusive events is the sum of their individual probabilities

Question 21

Binomial theorem

Answer 21

Probability that a situation will occur when there are multiple ways to get a combination
Probability= [(n!)/(s!t!)] (a^s) (b^t)
n= total # of events, a= probability of outcome #1, b=probability of outcome #2, s=# of times outcome #1 occurs, t=# of times outcome #2 occurs

Question 22

of different gametes that can be formed from a genotype

Answer 22

# of gametes= 2^n
n=# of heterozygous gene pairs