Transitions to multicellularity

Question 1

local signaling

Answer 1

Cell to cell contact
Animals: proteins in the plasma membrane communicate with eachother
Plants: Specialized structure called plasmodesmata has a gap that allow nutrients, hormones, proteins to flow between

Question 2

Synaptic signaling:

Answer 2

Signaling molecules secreted by the signaling cell travel on short distances via exocytosis.

Question 3

Long distance signaling:

Answer 3

Use hormones to send a message to a different part of the body.

Question 4

Reception

Answer 4

Ligand (from outside the cell, it is the signal)
Receptor (is part of the cell, is what receives/interprets the signal)
G-coupled proteins transmit signals from an activated

Question 5

Transduction

Answer 5

1. Protein phosphorylation is often the mechanism of transduction

Question 6

Kinases role in this substrate level phosphorylation:

Answer 6

Activate protein kinases or other relay molecules in the series.

Question 7

How does Dephosphorylation turns this pathway off

Answer 7

by removing the po4

Question 8

PP (protein phosphatases) role:

Answer 8

To turn the pathway off by dephosphorylating proteins

Question 9

Second messengers:

Answer 9

Small molecules

Ions that consist of Ca2+ and cAMP that activate another protein, leading to cellular responses

Question 10

Response

Answer 10

Transcription: Transcription factor simulate transcription of a specific gene and the resulting mRNA that directly synthesizes particular proteins in cytoplasm.