Bulk transport in plants

Question 1

Xylem:

Answer 1

Is part of the vascular bundle of the plant that moves water and mineral, conducts dissolve minerals and provides structure

Question 2

Guard cells around stomata: how they open and close, and why?

Answer 2

Potassium enters the guard cells and water follows in relation to cause turgid to open the stomata. Conversely, when potassium exits the cell water follows suit via osmosis and becomes flaccid closing the stomata.

Question 3

How xylem vessels are formed, and what they are made of ?

Answer 3

Xylem cells are formed from end to end cells

Question 4

ow water goes up the xylem, types of bonding involved

Answer 4

Cohesion tension is water cling to eachother and adhere(adhesion) to the xylem wall that is hydrophilic which creates an unbroken column of water via the plant. This upward pull on the cohesive sap forms negative potential that helps water to move up the plant.

Question 5

How water gets into the roots of plants before getting to the xylem.

Answer 5

Enter the roots via osmosis

Question 6

Two routes that water takes to get through the root plants (faster!)

Answer 6

• Apoplast path: Moves through non-living portion of the cell between the cell wall and membrane
• Symplastic route: Moves through living part of cell via gap junction of the plasmodesmata

Question 7

Bacteria (nitrogen fixation):

Answer 7

Live inside nodules of root and fix nitrogen adjacent to the roots

Question 8

Ectomycorrhizae:

Answer 8

Lines the outside of the roots and inserts itself between root cells and provides minerals from the soil in exchange for glucose from the plants.

Question 9

Arbuscular mycorrhizae:

Answer 9

Inserts between the cell wall and plasma membrane of root cells and provides mineral from the soil in exchange for glucose from the plants.

Question 10

Macronutrients:

Answer 10

• Carbon: Major component of plant’s organic compounds
• Oxygen: Major component of plant’s organic compounds
• Hydrogen: Major component of plant’s organic compounds
• Nitrogen: Component of nucleic acids, proteins and chlorophyll
• Potassium: Cofactor of many enzymes of osmosis and operation of stomata.

Question 11

Soil management – know how plants release ions from soil

Answer 11

The roots release Hydrogen ions into the soil, which causes the cations to be attracted to the now negatively charged roots.

Question 12

3 cues that open stomata in the morning

Answer 12

1. Light: Plasma membrane and guard cells have blue light and receptors that trigger uptake of K+
2. CO2 depletion: Not a lot of cell regulation happening
3. Internal clock: Place plant in dark, stomata still open at dawn.

Question 13

Source:

Answer 13

Mesophyll cells is where photosynthesis is happening

Question 14

Sink:

Answer 14

Root cells that store nutrients

Question 15

Phloem includes:

Answer 15

the sieve tube cells that transport sucrose. The sieve tubes include sieve tube plates that allow in the transportation and uptake of sucrose.

Question 16

Know routes (3) that nutrients get to companion cell, and which ones have a continuum

Answer 16

• Apoplast continuum: The apoplast is the continuum of cell walls and extracellular spaces.
• Symplast continuum: The symplast is the continuum of cytosil connected by plasmodesmata

Question 17

Know how osmosis and xylem are involved in moving nutrients from source to sink?

Answer 17

The nutrients/sucrose in the sieve tube cells have an increase in solute concentration, which drives osmosis to move H2O from the xylem (low concentration of solutes) into the phloem (high concentration of solutes).

This bulk movement of water into the phloem creates a pressure gradient that moves the contents
from high pressure (at the source) to low pressure (at the sink), which then moves the nutrients
along/down the phloem to the sinks