Plant tissue structure and growth

Question 1

Vascular system

Answer 1

Roots: Below ground anchors vascular plants to soil, absorbs minerals and stores carbohydrates
Shoots: Above ground that uses the sun and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis

Question 2

Cells (be able to recognize vascular cells):

Answer 2

The smallest unit of living things that make up tissues and organs to carry out a specific function
Parenchyma cells: Make up the phloem and xylem

Question 3

Tissues:

Answer 3

• Dermal: Outer protective layer against physical damage
• Vascular:
  o Xylem: Transports water and minerals
  o Phloem: Transports nutrients
• Ground: Everything besides dermal and vascular

Question 4

Organs:

Answer 4

• Roots: Anchors a vascular plant to the soil and absorbs minerals, water and stores carbohydrates.
• Stems: Main function is to elongate and orient the shoot that maximizes photosynthesis.
• Leaves: are used for photsynthesis
  o Tendrils: Support structure of plants
  o Spines reduce leaves
  o Used for storage

Question 5

Differentiated vs undifferentiated cells

Answer 5

• Undifferentiated cells: In the meristems of plants allow indeterminate growth
• Determinate cells: The cells have an end

Question 6

Monocots vs eudicots

Answer 6

• Monocots have parallel venation while eudicots have complex veination.

Question 7

Meristemic tissue

Answer 7

• SAM is the tip of the roots that have upward growth
• RAM is the tip of the roots that have downward growth.

Question 8

Primary indeterminate growth

Answer 8

upward and downward growth

Question 9

Determinate growth

Answer 9

Leaves, flowers and thorns

Question 10

Role of mitosis in growth

Answer 10

• Mitosis and cell division in the shoot apex provide cells needs for extension of the stem and development of the leaves

Question 11

Tropism (these cues tell the hormones what to do)

Answer 11

Phototropism: It influences growth by altering the pattern of gene expression and redirects the position of auxin.
Gravitropism: The organelle statolith accumulate down towards gravity where pin 3 recruits IAA to the bottom of the cell to inhibit growth.

Question 12

Auxin:

Answer 12

Causes elongation of shoots

Question 13

Acid-growth hypothesis :

Answer 13

IAA will bind to a nuclear receptor and activate gene transcription of a protein whose function is to stimulate proton pumps. These proton pumps move H+ from the cytoplasm to the space between the plasma membrane and the cell wall.
The now lowered pH activates enzymes in the cell wall that make the cell wall more flexible.In addition, with the added H+ in the space between the plasma membrane and cell wall, water
will move into the cell via osmosis, and with the more flexible cell wall, the cell elongates. This elongation also causes the cell to become heavier due to the uptake of water, and accumulation of elongated, heavy cells along the shady side of the stem makes the entire stem “bend” towards light

Question 14

Statoliths

Answer 14

Responsible for gravitropism

Question 15

Pin 3:

Answer 15

recruits IAA to the bottom of the cell to inhibit growth