Transitional Cell Carcinoma/Bladder Tumours

Question 1

What are risk factors for bladder tumours?

Answer 1

Age, male, Caucasian, exposure to dyes/rubber/leather/textiles/paint, smoking, cyclophosphamide

Question 2

What are the clinical manifestations of bladder cancer?

Answer 2

Painless visible haematuria, urgency, suprapubic/pelvic mass/pain, recurrent UTI

Question 3

What is the gold standard investigation?

Answer 3

Cystoscopy + biopsy

Question 4

What other investigations would you do?

Answer 4

Bloods, urine MS&C, US

Question 5

What are some differential diagnoses?

Answer 5

BPH, haemorrhagic cystitis, prostatis

Question 6

How do you manage bladder cancer?

Answer 6

Transurethral resection of the bladder tumour, chemotherapy, cystodiathermy, cystectomy, psychosocial factors

Question 7

What is a potential complication of cystectomy?

Answer 7

Sexual and urinary malfunction

Question 8

What are potential complications of bladder tumours?

Answer 8

Massive bladder haemorrhage, mets to lymph nodes/bones/lungs/liver

Question 9

What is Tis?

Answer 9

Carcinoma in situ

Question 10

What is Ta?

Answer 10

Tumour confined to epithelium

Question 11

What is T1?

Answer 11

Tumour in submucosa or lamina propria

Question 12

What is T2?

Answer 12

Invades muscle

Question 13

What is T3?

Answer 13

Extends into perivesical fat

Question 14

What is T4?

Answer 14

Invades adjacent organs

Question 15

What is grade 1?

Answer 15

Differentiated

Question 16

What is grade 2?

Answer 16

Intermediate

Question 17

What is grade 3?

Answer 17

Poorly differentiated