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Chemistry Revision > Transition metals > Flashcards

Transition metals Flashcards

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1
Q

What block of the periodic table are the transition metals in?

A

-D block

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2
Q

What is a transition metal?

A

-A transition metal is a metal that can form one or more stable ions with an incomplete d sub-level

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3
Q

What are the physical properties of transition metals?

A

-High density
-High melting and boiling points

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4
Q

What are the chemical properties of transition metals?

A

-Can form complex ions
-Form coloured ions
-Good catalysts
-Variable oxidation states

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5
Q

What is a complex ion?

A

-A metal ion surrounded by co-ordinately bonded ligands

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6
Q

What is a dative (co-ordinate) bond?

A

-A covalent bond in which both electrons in the shared pair come from the same atom

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7
Q

What is a ligand?

A

-An atom, ion or molecule that donates a pair of electrons to a central metal ion

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8
Q

What are ligands that form more than one co-ordinate bond called?

A

-Multidentate

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9
Q

What are ligands that form only one co-ordinate bond called?

A

-Monodentate

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10
Q

How do you work out the oxidation state of the metal ion?

A

oxidation state=total charge of complex-sum of the charges of the ligands

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11
Q

How many lone pairs does EDTA^4- have?

A

6 lone pairs

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12
Q

What does bidentate mean?

A

-Multidentate ligands that can form two co-ordinate bonds

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13
Q

What determines the shape of a complex ion?

A

-Its co-ordination number

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14
Q

What are the two types of stereoisomerism?

A

-Optical isomerism
-Cis-trans isomerism

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15
Q

When does optical isomerism occur?

A

-When an ion can exist as two non-superimposable mirror images

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16
Q

What are optical isomers called?

A

-Enantiomers

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17
Q

What is cisplatin?

A

-A complex of platinum (II) with two chloride ions and two ammonia ions in a square planar shape

18
Q

What are the uses of cisplatin?

A

-Can be used to treat some types of cancer

19
Q

What is the equation used to figure out the energy absorbed when electrons jump?

A

energy change=hv=hc/*
h=Planck’s constant
v=Frequency of light absorbed (Hz)
c=Speed of light
*=Wavelength of light absorbed

20
Q

What factors can change the colour of transition metals?

A

-Changes in oxidation states
-Changes in co-ordination number
-Changes in ligand

21
Q

What is spectroscopy?

A

-Can be used to determine the concentration of a solution by measuring how much light it absorbs

22
Q

What is ligand substitution?

A

-When one ligand is swapped for another

23
Q

What happens when substitution of similarly sized ligands occurs?

A

-Co-ordination number of the complex ion doesn’t change
-Shape of complex ion doesn’t change

24
Q

What happens when substitution of different sized ligands occurs?

A

-Change of co-ordination number
-Change of shape

25
Q

What is the multidentate ligand in haemoglobin?

A

-Porphyrin

26
Q

What happens to haemoglobin when carbon monoxide is inhaled?

A

-Water ligands are substituted for carbon monoxide ligands, forming carboxyhaemoglobin

27
Q

Summarise the oxygen transport process

A

High conc of O2
-Oxygen displaces water to form oxyhaemoglobin
-Lungs->Bloodstream->Site where oxygen is needed
Low conc of O2
-Water displaces oxygen to form deoxyhaemoglobin
-Bloodstream->Lungs

28
Q

What forms more stable complexes, multidentate ligands or monodentate ligands?

A

-Multidentate

29
Q

What is the enthalpy change like during a ligand exchange reaction?

A

-Very small

30
Q

What is the entropy change like during a ligand exchange reaction?

A

-Large increase

31
Q

What is the chelate effect?

A

-When monodentate ligands are substituted with bidentate or multidentate ligands and the number of particles increases

32
Q

What are the oxidation states and colours of the vanadium ions?

A

+5=Yellow
+4=Blue
+3=Green
+2=Violet

33
Q

How can vanadium be reduced?

A

-adding zinc metal to it in an acidic solution

34
Q

What is the redox potential of an ion or atom?

A

-How easily it is reduced to a lower oxidation state

35
Q

What factors affect redox potential?

A

-Ligands
-pH

36
Q

Why do transition metals make good catalysts?

A

-They can change oxidation states by gaining or losing electrons within their d orbitals

37
Q

What is a heterogeneous catalyst?

A

-It is in a different state than the reactants

38
Q

What is a support medium used for?

A

-To make the area of a catalyst as large as possible

39
Q

What does catalyst poisoning do?

A

-Reduces the surface area of the catalyst available to the reaction

40
Q

What is a homogeneous catalyst?

A

-In the same physical state as the reactants

41
Q
A

Chemistry Revision (23 decks)

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