transition defnitions Flashcards
Phoneme
Any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another, for example p, b, d, and t in the English words pad, pat, bad, and bat.
Accent
The way in which people in a particular area, country, or social group pronounce words.
Geographical
Relating to geography, or to the geography of a particular area or place.
Amelioration
make (something bad or unsatisfactory) better.
Inflection
1) A change in the form of a word (typically the ending) to express a grammatical function or attribute such as tense, mood, person, number, case, and gender.
2) The modulation of intonation or pitch in the voice.
Demonstrative
(of a determiner or pronoun) indicating the person or thing referred to (e.g. this, that, those ).
Tense
A set of forms taken by a verb to indicate the time (and sometimes also the continuance or completeness) of the action in relation to the time of the utterance.
Inference
A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning.
Adjacency pairs
In linguistics, an adjacency pair is an example of conversational turn-taking. An adjacency pair is composed of two utterances by two speakers, one after the other. The speaking of the first utterance (the first-pair part, or the first turn) provokes a responding utterance (the second-pair part, or the second turn).
Cataphoric reference
Cataphoric reference occurs when a word or phrase refers to something mentioned later in the discourse. Here are some examples of cataphoric reference: Although I phone HER every week, my mother still complains that I don’t keep in touch often enough.
Syllable
A unit of pronunciation having one vowel sound, with or without surrounding consonants, forming the whole or a part of a word.
Lexis
The total stock of words in a language. The level of language consisting of vocabulary, as opposed to grammar or syntax.
Register
In sociolinguistics, a register is a variety of language used for a particular purpose or particular communicative situation.
Sociolect
The dialect of a particular social class.
Active voice
A form or set of forms of a verb in which the subject is typically the person or thing performing the action and which can take a direct object (e.g. she loved him as opposed to the passive form he was loved ).
‘Face’
The concept of face refers to how an individual is seen by others.
Implicature
The action of implying a meaning beyond the literal sense of what is explicitly stated.
Discourse
written or spoken communication or debate
Intertextuality
the relationship between texts, especially literary ones.
Dialect
a particular form of a language which is specific to a specific region or social group
Semantics
the meaning of a word, phrase, or text
Neology
the use of a new word or expression or of an established word in a new or different sense
Structure
Language Structures refer to sentence-level comprehension of text, including how the arrangement of words within sentences impacts the meaning.
Passive voice
It’s the opposite of the active voice. For example “their silly little souls were easily devoured by her” as opposed to “she devoured their souls”.
Politeness
Polite means showing regards for others in manners, speech, and behaviour.
Deixis
Deixis refers to a word or phrase that shows the time, place or situation a speaker is in when talking. eg ““I” wish “YOU” had been “HERE” “YESTERDAY””
Cohesion
Cohesion is the grammatical and lexical linking within a text or sentence that holds a text together and gives it meaning. It is related to the broader concept of coherence.
Graphology
The study of handwriting, esp. as a clue to character, aptitudes, etc.
Articulation
The formation of clear and distinct sounds in speech.
Pragmatics
In linguistics and related fields, pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to meaning.
Pejoration
The act or process of becoming worse; worsening or degeneration. (linguistics) The process by which a word acquires a more negative meaning over time.
Grammar
The whole system and structure of a language or of languages in general, usually taken as consisting of syntax and morphology (including inflections) and sometimes also phonology and semantics.
Exclamative
a word or sentence that denotes an exclamation
Sentence function
A sentence function refers to a speaker’s purpose in uttering a specific sentence, phrase, or clause.
Ideology
any set of beliefs about languages as they are used in their social worlds
Irony
Irony, in its broadest sense, is the juxtaposition of what on the surface appears to be the case and what is actually the case or to be expected; it is an important rhetorical device and literary technique.
Anaphoric reference
Anaphoric reference means that a word in a text refers back to other ideas in the text for its meaning. “I met the baby once more, SHE looked particularly evil today.”
Phonology
Phonology is the study of the patterns of sounds in a language and across languages.
