Transfusion Reaction Flashcards
What is transfusion medicine?
The field involving the safe and effective use of blood and blood products.
What is blood grouping?
Identifying specific antigens on red blood cells (RBCs) and antibodies in plasma.
What are the ABO and Rh systems used for?
Determining blood compatibility for transfusions.
What are the major blood groups in the ABO system?
A B AB O.
What does the Rh system determine?
Whether a person is Rh-positive (+) or Rh-negative (-).
What are transfusion reactions?
Adverse events occurring during or after a blood transfusion.
What are immune transfusion reactions caused by?
Antibodies reacting to donor antigens.
Give an example of an immune transfusion reaction.
ABO incompatibility.
What are non-immune transfusion reactions caused by?
Factors like TRALI sepsis or fluid overload.
What is TRALI?
Transfusion-related acute lung injury a severe non-immune reaction.
What are the clinical features of mild transfusion reactions?
Fever chills rash.
What are the clinical features of severe transfusion reactions?
Acute hemolysis hypotension renal failure shock.
How are transfusion reactions diagnosed clinically?
Recognizing symptoms during or after transfusion.
What laboratory test is used to detect immune transfusion reactions?
Direct antiglobulin test (DAT).
What laboratory tests indicate hemolysis?
Elevated LDH decreased haptoglobin elevated bilirubin.
What is the immediate treatment for transfusion reactions?
Stop transfusion
What is the treatment for severe immune transfusion reactions?
Corticosteroids to suppress immune response.
What are blood components used in transfusion?
Packed red blood cells (PRBCs) platelets plasma cryoprecipitate.
What is the indication for PRBC transfusion?
Anemia acute blood loss.
When are platelet transfusions indicated?
Thrombocytopenia bleeding disorders.
What is plasma used for in transfusion?
Treating coagulation factor deficiencies.
What is cryoprecipitate used for?
Fibrinogen deficiency von Willebrand Disease.
What is crossmatching?
Testing for compatibility between donor and recipient before transfusion.
What are transfusion thresholds?
Hemoglobin levels guiding PRBC transfusions based on patient condition.
What is iron overload?
Accumulation of excess iron from repeated transfusions.
How is iron overload managed?
Iron chelation therapy.
What is the pathophysiology of immune transfusion reactions?
Antibody-antigen reactions leading to complement activation and hemolysis.
What is the pathophysiology of non-immune transfusion reactions like TRALI?
Activation of neutrophils leading to pulmonary endothelial damage.
What is the role of cytokines in transfusion reactions?
They mediate inflammatory responses in non-immune reactions.
How does ABO incompatibility lead to hemolysis?
Donor antibodies attack recipient RBCs causing rapid destruction.
What are the key signs of TRALI?
Acute respiratory distress
What is the management of TRALI?
Supportive care mechanical ventilation if needed.
How does sepsis occur as a transfusion reaction?
Due to bacterial contamination of blood products.
What is the treatment for sepsis post-transfusion?
Broad-spectrum antibiotics.
What is the primary complication of fluid overload during transfusion?
Pulmonary edema.
How is fluid overload managed?
Diuretics supportive care.
What is the mechanism of action of platelet transfusions?
Restoring platelet count and function to prevent bleeding.
What is the mechanism of action of cryoprecipitate transfusion?
Providing fibrinogen and other clotting factors to promote clot formation.
How does plasma transfusion correct coagulation factor deficiencies?
By replenishing clotting factors like Factor VIII
What is the role of albumin in transfusion?
Maintaining oncotic pressure and volume expansion.
What are the indications for albumin transfusion?
Hypovolemia hypoalbuminemia.
What is the difference between whole blood and blood components?
Whole blood contains all components (RBCs plasma platelets) while components are separated for specific therapeutic purposes.
What is the role of leukoreduction in transfusion?
Reducing the risk of febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions and alloimmunization.
How does irradiation of blood products prevent transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GVHD)?
By inactivating donor T lymphocytes.
What is the role of platelet washing in transfusion?
Removing plasma proteins to reduce allergic reactions.
What is the mechanism of allergic transfusion reactions?
IgE-mediated response to donor plasma proteins.
What is the treatment for allergic transfusion reactions?
Antihistamines discontinuation of transfusion if severe
