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Haema 2 > Transfusion Reaction > Flashcards

Transfusion Reaction Flashcards

1
Q

What is transfusion medicine?

A

The field involving the safe and effective use of blood and blood products.

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2
Q

What is blood grouping?

A

Identifying specific antigens on red blood cells (RBCs) and antibodies in plasma.

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3
Q

What are the ABO and Rh systems used for?

A

Determining blood compatibility for transfusions.

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4
Q

What are the major blood groups in the ABO system?

A

A B AB O.

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5
Q

What does the Rh system determine?

A

Whether a person is Rh-positive (+) or Rh-negative (-).

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6
Q

What are transfusion reactions?

A

Adverse events occurring during or after a blood transfusion.

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7
Q

What are immune transfusion reactions caused by?

A

Antibodies reacting to donor antigens.

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8
Q

Give an example of an immune transfusion reaction.

A

ABO incompatibility.

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9
Q

What are non-immune transfusion reactions caused by?

A

Factors like TRALI sepsis or fluid overload.

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10
Q

What is TRALI?

A

Transfusion-related acute lung injury a severe non-immune reaction.

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11
Q

What are the clinical features of mild transfusion reactions?

A

Fever chills rash.

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12
Q

What are the clinical features of severe transfusion reactions?

A

Acute hemolysis hypotension renal failure shock.

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13
Q

How are transfusion reactions diagnosed clinically?

A

Recognizing symptoms during or after transfusion.

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14
Q

What laboratory test is used to detect immune transfusion reactions?

A

Direct antiglobulin test (DAT).

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15
Q

What laboratory tests indicate hemolysis?

A

Elevated LDH decreased haptoglobin elevated bilirubin.

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16
Q

What is the immediate treatment for transfusion reactions?

A

Stop transfusion

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17
Q

What is the treatment for severe immune transfusion reactions?

A

Corticosteroids to suppress immune response.

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18
Q

What are blood components used in transfusion?

A

Packed red blood cells (PRBCs) platelets plasma cryoprecipitate.

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19
Q

What is the indication for PRBC transfusion?

A

Anemia acute blood loss.

20
Q

When are platelet transfusions indicated?

A

Thrombocytopenia bleeding disorders.

21
Q

What is plasma used for in transfusion?

A

Treating coagulation factor deficiencies.

22
Q

What is cryoprecipitate used for?

A

Fibrinogen deficiency von Willebrand Disease.

23
Q

What is crossmatching?

A

Testing for compatibility between donor and recipient before transfusion.

24
Q

What are transfusion thresholds?

A

Hemoglobin levels guiding PRBC transfusions based on patient condition.

25
Q

What is iron overload?

A

Accumulation of excess iron from repeated transfusions.

26
Q

How is iron overload managed?

A

Iron chelation therapy.

27
Q

What is the pathophysiology of immune transfusion reactions?

A

Antibody-antigen reactions leading to complement activation and hemolysis.

28
Q

What is the pathophysiology of non-immune transfusion reactions like TRALI?

A

Activation of neutrophils leading to pulmonary endothelial damage.

29
Q

What is the role of cytokines in transfusion reactions?

A

They mediate inflammatory responses in non-immune reactions.

30
Q

How does ABO incompatibility lead to hemolysis?

A

Donor antibodies attack recipient RBCs causing rapid destruction.

31
Q

What are the key signs of TRALI?

A

Acute respiratory distress

32
Q

What is the management of TRALI?

A

Supportive care mechanical ventilation if needed.

33
Q

How does sepsis occur as a transfusion reaction?

A

Due to bacterial contamination of blood products.

34
Q

What is the treatment for sepsis post-transfusion?

A

Broad-spectrum antibiotics.

35
Q

What is the primary complication of fluid overload during transfusion?

A

Pulmonary edema.

36
Q

How is fluid overload managed?

A

Diuretics supportive care.

37
Q

What is the mechanism of action of platelet transfusions?

A

Restoring platelet count and function to prevent bleeding.

38
Q

What is the mechanism of action of cryoprecipitate transfusion?

A

Providing fibrinogen and other clotting factors to promote clot formation.

39
Q

How does plasma transfusion correct coagulation factor deficiencies?

A

By replenishing clotting factors like Factor VIII

40
Q

What is the role of albumin in transfusion?

A

Maintaining oncotic pressure and volume expansion.

41
Q

What are the indications for albumin transfusion?

A

Hypovolemia hypoalbuminemia.

42
Q

What is the difference between whole blood and blood components?

A

Whole blood contains all components (RBCs plasma platelets) while components are separated for specific therapeutic purposes.

43
Q

What is the role of leukoreduction in transfusion?

A

Reducing the risk of febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions and alloimmunization.

44
Q

How does irradiation of blood products prevent transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GVHD)?

A

By inactivating donor T lymphocytes.

45
Q

What is the role of platelet washing in transfusion?

A

Removing plasma proteins to reduce allergic reactions.

46
Q

What is the mechanism of allergic transfusion reactions?

A

IgE-mediated response to donor plasma proteins.

47
Q

What is the treatment for allergic transfusion reactions?

A

Antihistamines discontinuation of transfusion if severe

Haema 2 (6 decks)

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