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Haema 2 > Leukaemia > Flashcards

Leukaemia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary cell type involved in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)?

A

Lymphoblasts

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2
Q

What genetic abnormality is associated with ALL?

A

t(12;21), t(9;22) Philadelphia chromosome

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3
Q

What are common clinical features of ALL?

A

Fatigue, pallor, fever, recurrent infections, bleeding, bruising, bone pain, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly

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4
Q

What are the main treatment strategies for ALL?

A

Chemotherapy, targeted therapy (tyrosine kinase inhibitors), stem cell transplantation

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5
Q

What is the primary cell type involved in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)?

A

Mature B lymphocytes

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6
Q

What genetic mutations are commonly associated with CLL?

A

del(13q), del(17p)

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7
Q

What are common clinical features of CLL?

A

Often asymptomatic, fatigue, weight loss, enlarged painless lymph nodes, hepatosplenomegaly, recurrent infections

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8
Q

What are the main treatment strategies for CLL?

A

Observation, chemotherapy (fludarabine, cyclophosphamide), targeted therapy (BTK inhibitors, BCL-2 inhibitors)

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9
Q

What is the primary cell type involved in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)?

A

Myeloblasts

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10
Q

What genetic abnormalities are associated with AML?

A

t(8;21), inv(16), t(15;17)

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11
Q

What are common clinical features of AML?

A

Fatigue, pallor, fever, infections, bleeding, bruising, bone pain, gingival hypertrophy, skin infiltrates

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12
Q

What are the main treatment strategies for AML?

A

Chemotherapy (cytarabine, daunorubicin), targeted therapy (FLT3 inhibitors), stem cell transplantation

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13
Q

What is the primary cell type involved in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)?

A

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

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14
Q

What genetic abnormality is associated with CML?

A

t(9;22) BCR-ABL fusion gene

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15
Q

What are common clinical features of CML?

A

Often asymptomatic in chronic phase, fatigue, weight loss, splenomegaly, anemia, easy bruising, symptoms of hypermetabolism

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16
Q

What are the main treatment strategies for CML?

A

Targeted therapy (tyrosine kinase inhibitors), monitoring of BCR-ABL transcript levels, stem cell transplantation

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17
Q

What is the function of flow cytometry in leukemia diagnosis?

A

Identifies specific cell surface markers to classify leukemia

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18
Q

What are the cell markers for B-ALL?

A

CD10, CD19, CD20

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19
Q

What are the cell markers for T-ALL?

A

CD2, CD3, CD7

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20
Q

What are the cell markers for CLL?

A

CD5, CD19, CD20, CD23, CD38, ZAP-70

21
Q

What are the cell markers for AML?

A

CD13, CD33, CD34, CD117, HLA-DR

22
Q

What are the cell markers for CML in blast crisis?

A

CD13, CD33, CD34, CD38, HLA-DR

23
Q

What is the significance of the Philadelphia chromosome in leukemia?

A

It is associated with ALL and CML and involves the t(9;22) BCR-ABL fusion gene

24
Q

What does a peripheral blood smear reveal in ALL?

A

Presence of lymphoblasts

25
Q

What does a peripheral blood smear reveal in CLL?

A

Increased small, mature lymphocytes

26
Q

What does a peripheral blood smear reveal in AML?

A

Presence of myeloblasts, Auer rods

27
Q

What does a peripheral blood smear reveal in CML?

A

Increased granulocytes, including mature and immature forms

28
Q

What are common findings in a CBC for ALL and AML?

A

Anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis or leukopenia

29
Q

What are common findings in a CBC for CLL?

A

Lymphocytosis

30
Q

What are common findings in a CBC for CML?

A

Leukocytosis with a left shift

31
Q

What is the role of bone marrow biopsy in leukemia?

A

Evaluates bone marrow cellularity and the presence of abnormal cells

32
Q

What is hypercellular marrow?

A

A bone marrow with an increased number of cells, often seen in leukemia

33
Q

What does hypercellular marrow with increased blasts indicate?

A

ALL or AML

34
Q

What does hypercellular marrow with increased lymphocytes indicate?

A

CLL

35
Q

What does hypercellular marrow with granulocytic hyperplasia indicate?

A

CML

36
Q

What is the role of cytogenetic studies in leukemia?

A

Detects chromosomal abnormalities important for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment planning

37
Q

What are Auer rods?

A

Cytoplasmic inclusions found in myeloblasts, indicative of AML

38
Q

What are smudge cells?

A

Damaged lymphocytes commonly seen in CLL

39
Q

What are the phases of treatment in ALL?

A

Induction, consolidation, and maintenance

40
Q

What is a common treatment for Ph+ ALL?

A

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g., imatinib)

41
Q

What is the primary therapy for CML?

A

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g., imatinib, dasatinib, nilotinib)

42
Q

What are the phases of CML?

A

Chronic phase, accelerated phase, blast phase

43
Q

What is the significance of the t(8;21) translocation?

A

It is associated with AML

44
Q

What is the significance of the inv(16) abnormality?

A

It is associated with AML

45
Q

What is the significance of the t(15;17) translocation?

A

It is associated with AML and is a target for ATRA therapy

46
Q

What are the main components of a complete blood count (CBC)?

A

Hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), platelets

47
Q

What is the significance of del(13q) in CLL?

A

It is a common genetic mutation associated with a better prognosis in CLL

48
Q

What is the significance of del(17p) in CLL?

A

It is a genetic mutation associated with a poor prognosis and resistance to conventional therapy in CLL

Haema 2 (6 decks)

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