Leukaemia Flashcards
What is the primary cell type involved in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)?
Lymphoblasts
What genetic abnormality is associated with ALL?
t(12;21), t(9;22) Philadelphia chromosome
What are common clinical features of ALL?
Fatigue, pallor, fever, recurrent infections, bleeding, bruising, bone pain, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly
What are the main treatment strategies for ALL?
Chemotherapy, targeted therapy (tyrosine kinase inhibitors), stem cell transplantation
What is the primary cell type involved in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)?
Mature B lymphocytes
What genetic mutations are commonly associated with CLL?
del(13q), del(17p)
What are common clinical features of CLL?
Often asymptomatic, fatigue, weight loss, enlarged painless lymph nodes, hepatosplenomegaly, recurrent infections
What are the main treatment strategies for CLL?
Observation, chemotherapy (fludarabine, cyclophosphamide), targeted therapy (BTK inhibitors, BCL-2 inhibitors)
What is the primary cell type involved in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)?
Myeloblasts
What genetic abnormalities are associated with AML?
t(8;21), inv(16), t(15;17)
What are common clinical features of AML?
Fatigue, pallor, fever, infections, bleeding, bruising, bone pain, gingival hypertrophy, skin infiltrates
What are the main treatment strategies for AML?
Chemotherapy (cytarabine, daunorubicin), targeted therapy (FLT3 inhibitors), stem cell transplantation
What is the primary cell type involved in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)?
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells
What genetic abnormality is associated with CML?
t(9;22) BCR-ABL fusion gene
What are common clinical features of CML?
Often asymptomatic in chronic phase, fatigue, weight loss, splenomegaly, anemia, easy bruising, symptoms of hypermetabolism
What are the main treatment strategies for CML?
Targeted therapy (tyrosine kinase inhibitors), monitoring of BCR-ABL transcript levels, stem cell transplantation
What is the function of flow cytometry in leukemia diagnosis?
Identifies specific cell surface markers to classify leukemia
What are the cell markers for B-ALL?
CD10, CD19, CD20
What are the cell markers for T-ALL?
CD2, CD3, CD7
What are the cell markers for CLL?
CD5, CD19, CD20, CD23, CD38, ZAP-70
What are the cell markers for AML?
CD13, CD33, CD34, CD117, HLA-DR
What are the cell markers for CML in blast crisis?
CD13, CD33, CD34, CD38, HLA-DR
What is the significance of the Philadelphia chromosome in leukemia?
It is associated with ALL and CML and involves the t(9;22) BCR-ABL fusion gene
What does a peripheral blood smear reveal in ALL?
Presence of lymphoblasts
What does a peripheral blood smear reveal in CLL?
Increased small, mature lymphocytes
What does a peripheral blood smear reveal in AML?
Presence of myeloblasts, Auer rods
What does a peripheral blood smear reveal in CML?
Increased granulocytes, including mature and immature forms
What are common findings in a CBC for ALL and AML?
Anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis or leukopenia
What are common findings in a CBC for CLL?
Lymphocytosis
What are common findings in a CBC for CML?
Leukocytosis with a left shift
What is the role of bone marrow biopsy in leukemia?
Evaluates bone marrow cellularity and the presence of abnormal cells
What is hypercellular marrow?
A bone marrow with an increased number of cells, often seen in leukemia
What does hypercellular marrow with increased blasts indicate?
ALL or AML
What does hypercellular marrow with increased lymphocytes indicate?
CLL
What does hypercellular marrow with granulocytic hyperplasia indicate?
CML
What is the role of cytogenetic studies in leukemia?
Detects chromosomal abnormalities important for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment planning
What are Auer rods?
Cytoplasmic inclusions found in myeloblasts, indicative of AML
What are smudge cells?
Damaged lymphocytes commonly seen in CLL
What are the phases of treatment in ALL?
Induction, consolidation, and maintenance
What is a common treatment for Ph+ ALL?
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g., imatinib)
What is the primary therapy for CML?
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g., imatinib, dasatinib, nilotinib)
What are the phases of CML?
Chronic phase, accelerated phase, blast phase
What is the significance of the t(8;21) translocation?
It is associated with AML
What is the significance of the inv(16) abnormality?
It is associated with AML
What is the significance of the t(15;17) translocation?
It is associated with AML and is a target for ATRA therapy
What are the main components of a complete blood count (CBC)?
Hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), platelets
What is the significance of del(13q) in CLL?
It is a common genetic mutation associated with a better prognosis in CLL
What is the significance of del(17p) in CLL?
It is a genetic mutation associated with a poor prognosis and resistance to conventional therapy in CLL
