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Haema 2 > Deficiency Anemias > Flashcards

Deficiency Anemias Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pathophysiology of iron deficiency anemia?

A

Insufficient iron leads to decreased hemoglobin synthesis and microcytic hypochromic red blood cells.

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2
Q

What are the clinical features of iron deficiency anemia?

A

Fatigue pallor koilonychia (spoon-shaped nails) glossitis.

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3
Q

What are the diagnostic markers for iron deficiency anemia?

A

Low serum iron ferritin and transferrin saturation high total iron-binding capacity (TIBC).

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4
Q

How is iron deficiency anemia treated?

A

Oral iron supplements investigate and treat underlying cause.

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5
Q

What distinguishes vitamin B12 deficiency anemia from other types?

A

It causes macrocytic (large) red blood cells due to impaired DNA synthesis.

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6
Q

What neurological symptoms might accompany vitamin B12 deficiency anemia?

A

Paresthesias ataxia.

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7
Q

What is the diagnostic approach for vitamin B12 deficiency anemia?

A

Low serum vitamin B12 levels elevated methylmalonic acid and homocysteine.

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8
Q

How is vitamin B12 deficiency anemia treated?

A

Vitamin B12 injections or high-dose oral supplements identify and treat the cause.

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9
Q

How does folate deficiency anemia differ from vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

It also causes macrocytic red blood cells but lacks neurological symptoms.

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10
Q

What are the clinical features of folate deficiency anemia?

A

Anemia glossitis.

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11
Q

What diagnostic marker is indicative of folate deficiency anemia?

A

Low serum folate levels.

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12
Q

What is the treatment for folate deficiency anemia?

A

Oral folate supplementation investigate and correct dietary insufficiency.

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13
Q

What characterizes blood loss anemia?

A

Acute loss of circulating blood volume and oxygen-carrying capacity.

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14
Q

What are the clinical signs of blood loss anemia?

A

Hypotension tachycardia pallor.

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15
Q

How is blood loss anemia diagnosed?

A

Decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit levels assessment of bleeding source.

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16
Q

What initial treatment is essential for blood loss anemia?

A

Fluid resuscitation.

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17
Q

What is the main difference in red blood cell morphology between iron deficiency anemia and vitamin B12/folate deficiency anemia?

A

Iron deficiency causes microcytic hypochromic cells B12/folate deficiency causes macrocytic cells.

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18
Q

Which anemia type is associated with koilonychia?

A

Iron deficiency anemia.

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19
Q

What is the neurological complication seen only in vitamin B12 deficiency anemia?

A

Peripheral neuropathy.

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20
Q

What marker distinguishes between iron deficiency anemia and anemia of chronic disease?

A

Ferritin levels (low in iron deficiency high in chronic disease).

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21
Q

What are the genetic risk factors for developing iron deficiency anemia?

A

Thalassemias hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.

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22
Q

What is the specific dietary intake that can cause folate deficiency anemia?

A

Low intake of green leafy vegetables and fruits.

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23
Q

What is the first-line investigation for suspected iron deficiency anemia?

A

Serum ferritin level.

24
Q

Which anemia type is associated with megaloblastic changes in bone marrow?

A

Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency anemias.

25
Q

What is the mechanism of action of oral iron supplements in treating iron deficiency anemia?

A

They replenish iron stores and facilitate hemoglobin synthesis.

26
Q

What is the term for the pallor seen in iron deficiency anemia?

A

Conjunctival pallor.

27
Q

What type of anemia is characterized by an elevated total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)?

A

Iron deficiency anemia.

28
Q

What is the most common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia?

A

Pernicious anemia (autoimmune gastritis).

29
Q

What laboratory finding supports the diagnosis of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia even before anemia develops?

A

Elevated methylmalonic acid levels.

30
Q

What is the primary source of vitamin B12 in the diet?

A

Animal products (meat, dairy).

31
Q

Which anemia type requires intrinsic factor for absorption of the essential nutrient involved?

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia.

32
Q

What is the primary cause of folate deficiency anemia in developed countries?

A

Alcoholism.

33
Q

What is the treatment for blood loss anemia if volume replacement alone is insufficient?

A

Blood transfusion.

34
Q

What is the characteristic peripheral blood smear finding in iron deficiency anemia?

A

Microcytosis and hypochromia.

35
Q

Which vitamin is required for the conversion of homocysteine to methionine?

A

Vitamin B12.

36
Q

What is the major difference in treatment approach between iron deficiency anemia and anemia of chronic disease?

A

Iron supplementation is effective in iron deficiency; underlying disease treatment is crucial in anemia of chronic disease.

37
Q

What is the term for the loss of tongue papillae seen in vitamin B12 and folate deficiency anemias?

A

Glossitis.

38
Q

What is the primary storage form of iron in the body?

A

Ferritin.

39
Q

What is the term for the neurological damage caused by severe vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord.

40
Q

What is the major risk factor for developing iron deficiency anemia in women of reproductive age?

A

Menstrual blood loss.

41
Q

What is the primary cause of iron deficiency anemia in men and postmenopausal women?

A

Gastrointestinal bleeding (e.g., from peptic ulcers).

42
Q

What is the term for the lab test that reflects the body’s iron stores?

A

Serum ferritin.

43
Q

What is the term for the abnormal craving for non-nutritive substances such as ice or clay

A

seen in iron deficiency anemia?

44
Q

What is the most common cause of folate deficiency anemia worldwide?

A

Poor dietary intake.

45
Q

What is the term for the impaired absorption of vitamin B12 due to lack of intrinsic factor?

A

Pernicious anemia.

46
Q

What is the mechanism by which chronic diseases lead to anemia?

A

Inflammatory cytokines suppress erythropoiesis and shorten red blood cell survival.

47
Q

What is the term for the RBCs that are smaller and paler than normal

A

seen in iron deficiency anemia?

48
Q

What is the mechanism of action of vitamin B12 in red blood cell production?

A

It is a cofactor for the conversion of homocysteine to methionine.

49
Q

What is the term for the precursor to vitamin B12 which is not active in humans but is found in certain foods?

A

Cobalamin.

50
Q

What is the term for the premature breakdown of red blood cells?

A

Hemolysis.

51
Q

What is the term for the hereditary condition characterized by abnormal hemoglobin synthesis and increased red blood cell destruction leading to chronic hemolytic anemia?

A

Thalassemia.

52
Q

What is the term for the enlarged spleen seen in some cases of chronic blood loss anemia?

A

Splenomegaly.

53
Q

What is the term for the condition where there is an overproduction of red blood cells in response to chronic hypoxia or certain tumors?

A

Polycythemia.

54
Q

What is the term for the condition where there is an overproduction of red blood cells in response to chronic hypoxia or certain tumors?

A

Polycythemia.

55
Q

What is the term for the inherited disorder characterized by abnormal hemoglobin that polymerizes in low-oxygen conditions

A

leading to hemolysis and anemia?

Haema 2 (6 decks)

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