Transcription, Translation & Protein Synthesis

Question 1

What is the first step in transcription?

Answer 1

Initiation

Question 2

What is the second step in transcription?

Answer 2

Elongation

Question 3

What is the third step in transcription?

Answer 3

Termination

Question 4

During initiation RNA polymerase binds to?

Answer 4

The promotor (start of genome)

Question 5

What initiates RNA synthesis?

Answer 5

RNA polymerase

Question 6

What occurs in the process of elongation?

Answer 6

Polymerase moves downstream, unwinding the DNA and elongating the RNA transcript 5’ to 3’.

Question 7

What occurs in the process of elongation?

Answer 7

Polymerase moves downstream, unwinding the DNA and elongating the RNA transcript 5’ to 3’.

Question 8

What occurs in the process of termination?

Answer 8

The RNA transcripts are released, and the polymerase detaches from the DNA.

Question 9

Transcription is done in what direction?

Answer 9

3’ to 5’ direction as the DNA synthesised is 5’ to 3’ mRNA

Question 10

What occurs after transcription?

Answer 10

RNA is used as a template for protein production in translation..

Question 11

Eukaryotic DNA has?

Answer 11

Introns and Exons

Question 12

What are introns?

Answer 12

A segment in an RNA and DNA molecule which does not code for proteins

Question 13

What are exons?

Answer 13

Are coding segments of RNA transcripts that are translated into proteins.

Question 14

What is a UTR?

Answer 14

Untranslated Unit

Question 15

Pre-mRNA has what at the start and end of it before it matures to mRNA?

Answer 15

5’ cap and a poly-A tail which provide protection and help it get exported from the nucleus.

Question 16

DNA sequences that encode proteins are read in triplet codes called?

Answer 16

Codons

Question 17

Codons are a group of how many nucleotides?

Answer 17

3 nucelotides code for 1 amino acid

Question 18

Codons are a group of how many nucleotides?

Answer 18

3 nucelotides code for 1 amino acid

Question 19

What is the start codon?

Answer 19

AUG

Question 20

What is the stop codon?

Answer 20

UAA

Question 21

How does transcription occur in prokaryotes?

Answer 21

It is coupled, therefore translation and transcription occur simultaneously.

Question 22

Proteins are produced by what?

Answer 22

Ribosomes which translate RNA sequence to make a protein

Question 23

Where does protein synthesis start?

Answer 23

It starts on free ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

Question 24

What binds to signal proteins of cytoplasmic ribosomes?

Answer 24

Signal recognition particle (SRP)

Question 25

The SRP binds to receptor protein where?

Answer 25

In the ER membrane

Question 26

The SRP leaves, allowing for what to resume?

Answer 26

Protein/ Polypeptide synthesis

Question 27

After protein insertion into the membrane what happens to the ribosome?

Answer 27

The remainder of the completed protein leaves and folds into its final conformation.

Question 28

What are proteins built of?

Answer 28

Amino Acids

Question 29

What is the structure of Amino Acids?

Answer 29

— An Amino Group
— A side chain (r group)
— Carboxyl group
— Alpha carbon
— Single hydrogen

Question 30

What are the 4 protein structures?

Answer 30

• Primary
• Secondary
• Tertiary
• Quaternary

Question 31

What is primary protein structure?

Answer 31

Sequence of Amino acids linked together to form polypeptide chain.

Question 32

What is the secondary protein structure?

Answer 32

The regular folding of regions into specific structural patterns within one polypeptide chain. Hydrogen Bonds

Question 33

What is the tertiary structure of proteins?

Answer 33

3 dimensional arrangement of all amino acids in a single polypeptide chain.

Question 34

What is the quaternary structure of proteins?

Answer 34

Structure and specific spatial arrangement and interactions