Receptors, Neurons, Synapses & Nervous System Flashcards
What are the two types of cell-to-cell local communication/ signalling?
- Local Signaling
- Synaptic Signaling
What is primary form of cell-to-cell communication in long distance signaling?
Endocrine (hormonal) Signalling
What is paracrine signaling?
A form of local signaling, where a signaling cell acts on nearby target cells by secreting molecules of a local regulator.
What is synaptic signaling?
A form of local signaling, where a nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the target cell.
What is endocrine signaling?
A form of long distance signaling, where specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into general circulation. Hormones reach most body cells, but are bound to affect only some cells.
What are three stages of cell signalling?
1) Reception
2) Transduction
3) Response
Hydrophilic signaling molecules/ ligands act by binding where on receptor cells?
Bind to cell surface receptor proteins
Hydrophobic signaling molecules/ ligands are transported through the bloodstream attached to what?
A carrier protein
When through the cell membrane hydrophobic ligands bind to what?
Intracellular receptors
What two receptor types are involved in neurotransmission?
- Plasma membrane receptors
- G Protein- coupled receptors
What are the 4 receptor types?
- Plasma membrane receptors
- G protein-coupled receptors
- Tyrosine kinase link receptors
- Intracellular receptors
What is the largest family of receptors?
G protein coupled receptors
How many transmembrane spanning domains do G protein-coupled receptors have?
7
What stimuli activate G protein coupled receptors?
Light, ions, odourants, neurotransmitters, hormones, peptides, and proteins
GPCRs interact with what to control the activity of enzymes, ion channels and intracellular signal transduction pathways?
Heterotrimeric G proteins
