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Biochem Exam 1 > Transcription and Translation > Flashcards

Transcription and Translation Flashcards

1
Q

RNA polymerase adds NTP’s to what end?

A

3’ OH **Needs the 3’ OH

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2
Q

RNA polymerase reads DNA template strand in what direction?

A

3’ to 5’

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3
Q

RNA polymerase synthesizes in what direction?

A

5’ to 3’

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4
Q

RNA synthesis occurs where in prokaryotes?

A

cytoplasm

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5
Q

RNA synthesis occurs where in eukaryotes?

A

nucleus

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6
Q

What part of prokaryotic RNA polymerase scans DNA for promoters?

A

Sigma factor

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7
Q

What part of prokaryotic RNA polymerase actually produces RNA?

A

Apoenzyme (alpha and beta subunits, without sigma)

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8
Q

What prokaryotic RNA produces rRNA?

A

Pol I

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9
Q

What prokaryotic RNA produces mRNA?

A

Pol II

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10
Q

What prokaryotic RNA produces tRNA and other small RNAs like 5S rRNA?

A

Pol III

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11
Q

the lac operon is an example of what kind of prokaryotic gene?

A

Polycistronic gene: one RNA codes for more than one protein that are all apart of the same metabolic pathway

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12
Q

What end of Euk DNA is the promoter region found?

A

5’ end and is NOT transcribed

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13
Q

What is the intermediate RNA strand made before a mature mRNA?

A

hnRNA (heterogenous)

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14
Q

What is removed from the hnRNA that forms the mRNA?

A

Intron

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15
Q

What are the two prokaryotic promoter elements recognized by sigma factor?

A

Pribnow (TATAAT) box at -10

TTGACA at -35

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16
Q

What are the two Euk promoter elements?

A

Hogness (TATA) box at -25

CAAT boxes between -40 and -100

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17
Q

What binds to Euk promoters and must be present to initiate transcription?

A

TATA Binding Protein (TBP) and Transcription Factors (TFII’s)

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18
Q

DNA sequence that can bind to a protein factor

A

cis element

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19
Q

cis element DNA portion that lowers transcription rate

A

cis element (portion of DNA that increases Silencer element

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20
Q

Steroids bind to these elements to activate transcription

A

Enhancer elements

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21
Q

binds to silencer to lower transcription rate

A

Repressor

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22
Q

cis element portion of DNA that increases transcription

A

Enhancer element

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23
Q

Euk DNA is transcribed as this first

A

hsRNA

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24
Q

5’ cap contains what group?

A

methylated GTP

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25
Q

Is the Poly(A) tail added to the end of mRNA?

A

NO!

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26
Q

Where is the Poly(A) tail added on mRNA?

A

At a specific cleavage site

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27
Q

What performs the splicing of mRNA?

A

snRNPs

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28
Q

What base endings signal introns?

A

GU—AG

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29
Q

Where are ribosomes built?

A

Nucleolus

30
Q

Where do small and large sub units come together?

A

Cytoplasm

31
Q

tRNA contains what bases not found in other RNA?

A

Thymine and Pseudouracil

32
Q

What is added to the tRNA enzymatically, which gives it the capability of carrying amino acids?

A

3’ CCA (Can Carry Amino acids)

33
Q

Rifampin and Rifamycin bind to RNA Polymerase to prevents what?

A

transcription initiation

34
Q

Streptolydigin binds to bacterial RNA polymerase and prevents what?

A

elongation

35
Q

a-amanitin inhibits what?

A

Eukaryotic RNA Pol II and prevents mRNA synthesis

36
Q

Start codon

A

AUG

37
Q

Start codon coded AA

A

Methionine (Met)

38
Q

Stop codons

A

UAG, UGA, UAA

39
Q

What is located on tRNA and can bind to multiple bases?

A

Inosine

40
Q

Change of base pair mutation

A

point mutation

41
Q

Wrong AA coded for?

A

Missense

42
Q

AA codon changed to a STOP codon

A

Nonsense (“stop the nonsense”)

43
Q

Base change that specifies the same AA

A

Silent

44
Q

What mutation usually leads to premature termination by new STOP codon in new reading frame?

A

Frameshift

45
Q

AA binds to what on CCA end of tRNA?

A

Adenine

46
Q

What is the reaction that attaches the AA to tRNA?

A

Aminoacylation

47
Q

Translation starts with what AA?

A

Methionine

48
Q

mRNA binds to 40S ribosomal subunit containing charged tRNA

A

Euk translation inititation

49
Q

First AA in Euk translation

A

Methionine

50
Q

Initiation factors in Euk translation

A

eIF’s

51
Q

Kozak consensus sequence has to do with what step in translation

A

Euk translation initiation

52
Q

Shine-Dalgarno sequence has to do with what step in Prok translation?

A

Prok translation initiation

53
Q

mRNA binds upstream to AUG and 16S rRNA

A

Prok translation initiation

54
Q

First AA in Prok translation

A

Formyl-methionine

55
Q

Delivery of appropriate aminoacyl-tRNA’s are directed by what?

A

Elongation factors

56
Q

Peptide bond formation is catalyzed by what?

A

Peptidyl Transferase

57
Q

Peptidyl Transferase is associated with what ribosomal subunit?

A

Larger 50S or 60S

58
Q

The A, P, and E-sites are associated with what translation step?

A

Elongation

59
Q

Translocation occurs during what translation step?

A

Elongation

60
Q

Termination occurs at what codon?

A

the STOP codons

61
Q

Prok tRNA contains what group, that makes it different from euk tRNA?

A

Formyl group

62
Q

Adding Proline or Lysine to amino acid residues to increase collagen stability is an example of what?

A

Post translational modification

63
Q

In I-cell disease, the patient has a deficiency in what?

A

mannose-6-phosphate

64
Q

Streptomycin binds and inhibits what?

A

Binds 16S rRNA of 30S subunit

Inhibits translational inititation

65
Q

Tetracylcine binds and blocks what?

A

Binds to 30S subunit

Blocks tRNA from binding to A site

66
Q

Chloramphenicol binds and blocks what?

A

Binds 50S subunit

Blocks peptidyltransferase activity

67
Q

Erythromycin binds and inhibits what?

A

Binds 50S subunit

Inhibits translocation

68
Q

A patient with Tay-Sachs disease has a deficiency in what enzyme?

A

Hexosaminidase

69
Q

Tay-Sachs disease is due to what kind of mutation?

A

Insertion mutation

70
Q

Meaning a single AA can have more than one triplet code

A

Degenerate

71
Q

Polysomes are found where?

A

cytoplasm and RER

Biochem Exam 1 (10 decks)

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