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Biology 1113 > Transcription and Translation > Flashcards

Transcription and Translation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the order from gene to protein?

A

DNA–>RNA–>Protein

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2
Q

Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes?

A

The nucleus

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3
Q

What does transcription do?

A

It creates a single stranded copy of mRNA that can leave the nucleus

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4
Q

What are the 3 steps of transcription?

A

Initiation, elongation, and termination

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5
Q

What happens during initiation in transcription?

A

Transcription factors and RNA polymerase bind to the promoter of the gene

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6
Q

What happens during elongation in transcription?

A

DNA is unwound and RNA polymerase creates a strand of mRNA which is complementary to the template strand of DNA (the RNA polymerase synthesizes the mRNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction)

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7
Q

What happens during termination in transcription?

A

Transcription proceeds until the polymerase reaches the terminator sequence which then causes the enzyme to disassociate from the DNA

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8
Q

What direction is the mRNA synthesized during the elongation step of transcription?

A

5’ to 3’

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9
Q

What must happen to RNA before it can be transported to the cytoplasm and then what is the next step once the RNA reaches the cytoplasm?

A

The RNA must be modified in the nucleus and then once it reaches the cytoplasm, translation can occur

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10
Q

What are 3 important functions of RNA processing?

A

Facilitates export from nucleus, Protects from degradation in the cytoplasm, and helps ribosomes attach to the 5’ end for translation

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11
Q

What is the term used for noncoding DNA segments?

A

Introns

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12
Q

What is the term used for coding DNA segments?

A

Exons

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13
Q

What is the function of a spliceosome?

A

To cut out introns and join the exons together

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14
Q

Why do we have introns?

A

They contain sequences which play a role in regulating gene expression and they also allow a single gene to code for more than one polypeptide.

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15
Q

What does alternative RNA splicing do?

A

It can leave some exons out of the final transcript which allows humans to make a wider variety of proteins.

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16
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

In the cytoplasm

17
Q

How many bases are read at a time in mRNA to build a polypeptide? What is the term for it?

A

3;codon

18
Q

What are the 2 key players in translation?

A

tRNAs and Ribosomes

19
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

Translates message from nucleic acids to amino acids

20
Q

What does tRNA contain?

A

An anticodon which is a triplet that is complementary to codon on the mRNA

21
Q

True/False: tRNAs can carry any protein. It does not have to be specific.

A

False

22
Q

What are aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases?

A

Enzymes that attach the amino acid to the tRNA

23
Q

tRNA with an amino acid attached is “___”

A

Charged

24
Q

What consists of a small and large subunit composed of protein and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

A

Ribosomes

25
Q

In terms of medicine, how are eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes different?

A

Some antibiotics inactivate the bacterial ribosomes without harming our own

26
Q

What catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds, the rRNA or the protein?

A

rRNA

27
Q

What are the 3 steps of Translation?

A

Initiation, elongation, and termination

28
Q

What happens during initiation in translation?

A

A small unit of the ribosome, with the initiator tRNA, binds to leader sequence of mRNA and scans for AUG

29
Q

What happens during elongation in translation?

A

Ribosome moves along mRNA adding amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain

30
Q

What happens during termination in translation?

A

Ribosome hits a stop codon and the subunits separate and the polypeptide is released

31
Q

What is required for elongation in translation?

A

protein (elongation factors) and energy

32
Q

What are the 3 sites of the ribosome during elongation?

A

E site, P site, and A site

33
Q

What is the E site?

A

It’s where empty tRNA exits

34
Q

What is the P site?

A

It’s where the tRNA is with the growing polypeptide

35
Q

What is the A site?

A

It’s where the incoming/active tRNA is

36
Q

What is the role of a release factor during termination in translation?

A

It binds to the stop codon in the A site and causes the polypeptide to be released. Once this is done the translation assembly breaks apart.

37
Q

What happens to the polypeptide after completing translation?

A

It must undergo correct secondary and tertiary folding

Biology 1113 (9 decks)

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