Cell to Cell Communication Flashcards
What is outside the membrane of a cell?
- Extracellular matrix (ECM)
- Cell walls
Extracellular matrix is found in what kind of tissues?
Animal Tissues
What are the main components of the Extracellular Matrix?
- Collagen
- Proteoglycans
What are the functions (3) of the Extracellular Matrix?
- Support
- Segregate tissues
- Regulation of intercellular communication
Cell walls are found in what?
Plants (and bacteria, fungi, and some protists)
What are the major functions (3) of the cell wall?
- Protection
- Maintain shape
- Prevent excess water uptake
What do tight junctions do?
Seal cells together
What do desmosomes do?
Connect the cytoskeletons of cells
What do gap junctions do?
Act as cell channels between cells
What:
- forms water tight seal between cells
- restrict passive movement
Tight Junctions
What:
- binds the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells together
- cell to cell adhesions are selective
Desmosomes
Name of the protein in desmosomes that link cells
Cadherins
What:
- is found in animal cells
- membrane proteins line up to form channels between cells
- allows passage of ions and small molecules
Gap Junctions
What:
- is found in plant cells
- membrane lined channels through cell wall connect adjacent cells
Plasmodesmata
What is used for long-distance signaling between cells?
Hormones (endocrine signaling)
The ability of a cell to respond to endocrine signaling is based on what?
If the cell has receptors that can bind the signaling molecule (hormone)
What are the 3 stages of cell signaling?
- Reception
- Transduction
- Response
The receptor on a cell changes its shape due to what?
Binding of a signaling molecule
Review the process associated with each of the 3 steps of Cell Signaling!
Review: Reception, Transduction, and Response
What are the 3 main types of membrane receptors?
- G-protein coupled receptors
- Tyrosine kinase receptors
- Ion channel receptors
What are plasma membrane receptors that are associated with G proteins?
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)
What are membrane receptors with enzymatic activity which attach phosphates to tyrosine residues?
Receptor Tyrosine kinases (RTKs)
What gets activated by the RTKs?
the Ras (G protein)
Abnormally activated RTKs are associated with what?
Types of cancer
What includes:
- binding of ligand causes conformational change
- when gate opens, specific ions can pass through
Ion Channel Receptors
What stage of cell signaling allows the signal to amplify?
Transduction
What are small, non-protein, water-soluble molecules that can easily spread a message throughout a cell?
Second Messengers
What are the 2 most common Second Messengers?
- Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
- Calcium ions (CA^2+)
What does cAMP stand for?
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate
What is cAMP made from?
Adenylyl Cyclase ATP
Are the levels of CA^2+ higher outside or inside of the cell?
Outside of the cell
Review Specificity and Coordination of Response slide!
Review.
What is it called where multiple pathways interact to modify response?
Crosstalk
In order to respond to new signals what must happen?
Old signals must be shut off
Is binding of signaling molecules to receptors reversible?
Yes
Is the process of reception and signal transduction similar between unicellular and multicellular organisms?
Yes
