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Biology 1113 > Cellular Division > Flashcards

Cellular Division Flashcards

1
Q

What are the reasons (4) that cells divide?

A
  • Reproduction
  • Growth and Development
  • Tissue Renewal
  • Maintain Surface Area:Volume (SA:V) Ratio
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2
Q

What are the 2 main types of cellular division?

A
  • Asexual

- Sexual

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of asexual cellular division?

A
  • Mitosis

- Binary Fission

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4
Q

What is the 1 type of sexual reproduction?

A

Meiosis

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5
Q

What is the term “Genome” referring to?

A

The DNA of a cell

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6
Q

What is the chromosome structure of Prokaryotes?

A

Single circular chromosome

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7
Q

What is the chromosome structure of Eukaryotes?

A
  • Linear chromosomes

- Cells often contain 2 copies of each chromosome

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8
Q

What is the term used to describe when cells contain 2 copies of each chromosome?

A

Homologous chromosomes

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9
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Long strand of DNA wrapped around proteins (histones)

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10
Q

What is the name of the protein that DNA wraps around in a chromosome?

A

Histone

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11
Q

What is chromatin?

A

A highly condensed form of DNA (DNA is folded and packed tightly)

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12
Q

What is the role of histones?

A

This protein associates with DNA and helps it condense into chromatin

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13
Q

There are 3 components of chromosome structure. What are those 3 components?

A
  • Centromere
  • Telomere
  • Kinetochore
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14
Q

What is the Centromere?

A

Condensed region of the chromosome

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15
Q

What is the Telomere?

A

Region of repetitive DNA sequences, located at the end of chromosome

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16
Q

What is the Kinetochore?

A

Disc-shaped protein that spindle fibers attach to

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17
Q

Chromosomes are duplicated before cellular division creating what?

A

Sister chromatids

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18
Q

Where are the sister chromatids, created before cellular division, held together?

A

Centromere

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19
Q

When are the sister chromatids pulled apart?

A

During mitosis

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20
Q

What form of reproduction is bacterial binary fission classified as?

A

Asexual reproduction

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21
Q

What are the stages (4) of interphase?

A
  • Gap 1(G1)
  • Synthesis(S)
  • Gap 2(G2)
  • G0(Gsubscript0)
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22
Q

What occurs during G1 of interphase?

A

Growth, protein synthesis, organelle synthesis

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23
Q

What occurs during synthesis of interphase?

A

DNA is duplicated

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24
Q

What occurs during G2 of interphase?

A

Growth, synthesis of microtubules, cell cycle checkpoints

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25
Q

What occurs during G0 of interphase?

A

Quiescent or “resting” state, cells NOT preparing to divide but they ARE metabolically active

26
Q

What stage of interphase are the majority of human cells in?

27
Q

Can some cells be called back?

A

Yes (liver cells)

28
Q

How much time does a cell spend in interphase? (percent)

29
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

Nuclear division

30
Q

What follows mitosis?

A

Cytokinesis

31
Q

What occurs during cytokinesis?

A

organelles and cytoplasm divide

32
Q

How many daughter cells are produced during mitosis?

33
Q

True/False: The 2 daughter cells formed by mitosis are identical?

34
Q

How many phases is mitosis divided into?

35
Q

What are the 5 phases of mitosis?

A
  • Prophase
  • Prometaphase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
36
Q

What happens during Prophase?

A
  • Chromosomes begin to condense

- Spindle apparatus (MTOC) begins to form

37
Q

What is the spindle apparatus, formed during the prophase, responsible for?

A

Pulling apart the chromatids

38
Q

What is the spindle apparatus composed of?

A

Microtubules and other proteins

39
Q

What happens during prometaphase?

A
  • Nuclear envelope disassembles

- Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores

40
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes align along the metaphase plate

41
Q

What causes the alignment of chromosomes during metaphase?

A

Tug of war between the 2 poles

42
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Sister chromatids are cut apart

43
Q

How are the sister chromatids cut apart during anaphase?

A

Enzymatically, the cohesion that holds them together are cleaved by enzymes

44
Q

After the cohesion between sister chromatids has been cleaved during anaphase, how are the sister chromosomes pulled to opposite poles?

A

The microtubules shorten

45
Q

What happens during telophase?

A
  • Prophase events are reversed
  • Nuclear envelopes reform around DNA
  • Chromosomes unfold back into chromatin
46
Q

True/False: Cytokinesis is a part of mitosis

47
Q

During what phase of mitosis does cytokinesis start?

A

During telophase

48
Q

True/False: Cytokinesis has the same process in both animal and plant cells

A

False (review differences in notes)

49
Q

Review cell cycle regulation slide in notes.

A

Review slide in notes.

50
Q

What are the 2 main regulatory molecules in the cell cycle clock?

A
  • Cyclins

- Cyclin-dependent kinases(cdks)

51
Q

True/False: Cyclin levels fluctuate cyclically

52
Q

How are cyclin-dependent kinases activated?

A

By attaching to cyclins

53
Q

True/False: cyclin-dependent kinases are present at constant concentrations but are usually inactive

54
Q

What is the G1 checkpoint?

A

“restriction point”-most important in mammals

55
Q

What happens when a cell receives a green light during the G1 checkpoint?

A

The cell continues to S phase

56
Q

What happens when a cell receives a red light during the G1 checkpoint?

A

Exits the cell cycle and enters G0 phase

57
Q

What determines whether a cell receives a red light or green light?

A

Cell size, favorable conditions, DNA damage

58
Q

True/False: Multicellular organisms do not rely on signals from other cells

59
Q

What are the components (2) of a protein dimer?

A

Cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinase

60
Q

Review Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC) slide in notes.

A

Review in cellular division.

61
Q

What are the external factors (3) of cellular division?

A
  • Growth factors
  • Density-dependent inhibition
  • Anchorage dependence

Biology 1113 (9 decks)

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