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Z OLD Molecules, Genes and Disease > Transcription > Flashcards

Transcription Flashcards

1
Q

By what process is mRNA made from DNA?

A

Transcription

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2
Q

By what process is protein made from mRNA?

A

Translation

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3
Q

Where does transcription take place?

A

In the nucleus

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4
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

In the cytoplasm

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5
Q

How is the mRNA message transferred from nucleus to cytoplasm?

A

Through nucleus membrane

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6
Q

What is meant by gene expression?

A

What DNA is expressed

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7
Q

What does gene expression determine?

A

Different cell types

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8
Q

What is the process by which genes expressed lead to different cell types called?

A

Differential expression

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9
Q

What must be true of differential expression?

A

It must be highly regulated

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10
Q

What is a gene?

A

A stretch of DNA of a chromosomal locus

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11
Q

What it a gene the ‘recipe’ for?

A

A protein code and regulation

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12
Q

What regulation of a protein is expressed on it’s gene?

A

When it’s expressed, and in what quantity

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13
Q

What can a gene be described as?

A

A ‘unit of inheritance’ or ‘unit of transcription’

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14
Q

What do DNA have signals for within their code?

A

Transcription initiation and transcription termination

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15
Q

What does mRNA have codes for within it?

A

Translation initiation and translation termination

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16
Q

In what direction is translation?

A

5’ to 3’

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17
Q

What does making a polynucleotide require?

A

NAME?

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18
Q

What are the 3 stages in making a polynucleotide?

A
  • Initiation
  • Elongation
  • Termination
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19
Q

What is the enzyme for making DNA?

A

DNA polymerase

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20
Q

What is the activated substrate for making DNA?

A

dNTPs

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21
Q

What is the template for making DNA?

A

DNA

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22
Q

What is the enzyme for making RNA?

A

RNA polymerase

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23
Q

What is the activated substrate for making RNA?

A

NTP’s

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24
Q

What is the template for making RNA?

A

DNA

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25
Q

What is the enzyme for making a polypeptide?

A

The ribosome

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26
Q

What is the activated substrate for making a polypeptide?

A

Amino acids

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27
Q

What is the template for making a polypeptide?

A

mRNA

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28
Q

What is the first step in initiation of DNA replication

A

Recognition of origin of replication

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29
Q

What does initiation of DNA replication use?

A

NAME?

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30
Q

In what direction is elongation in DNA replication?

A

5’ to 3’

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31
Q

When does DNA replication terminate?

A

When replication forks meet

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32
Q

What is the first step in initiation of transcription?

A

Promoter recognition

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33
Q

What is recognised in promoter recognition?

A

Signal on DNA

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34
Q

What is required for initiation of transcription?

A

NAME?

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35
Q

In what direction does transcription occur?

A

5’ to 3’

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36
Q

When is transcription terminated?

A

Depends on sequence

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37
Q

What is made in transcription?

A

A polynucleotide of mRNA

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38
Q

Give the general equation for transcription?

A

r(NMP) n + rNTP → r(NMP) n+1 + PPi

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39
Q

What does the transcription unit compose of?

A

The promoter and the code for RNA

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40
Q

What does the promoter recognise during initiation?

A

A sequence

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41
Q

What do transcription factors in eukaryotes often recognise?

A

TAT then lots of A’s

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42
Q

What does the binding of a transcription factor determine?

A
  • The direction of transcription, therefore the transcription of a gene
  • Where the RNA polymerase sits on the sequence
43
Q

What is RNA polymerase?

A

A complex of proteins

44
Q

What is the first amino acid after RNA polymerase labelled?

45
Q

Is there an amino acid labelled 0?

46
Q

What is meant by upstream?

A

All negative amino acids

47
Q

What is meant by downstream?

A

All positive amino acids

48
Q

In relation to the promoter sequence, where is the transcription start site?

A

Slightly after

49
Q

Where does transcription start?

50
Q

Where are there other promoter sequences?

A

Lots of other ones upstream

51
Q

What is happening to the other promoter sequences upstream?

A

They are being recognised by other factors

52
Q

Do other promoter sequences upstream help or hinder initiation?

A

Can be either

53
Q

What is the promoter sequence in eukaryotes?

A

Often a TATA box at -30

54
Q

Are the upstream sequences in eukaryotes varied?

55
Q

Do the upstream sequences in eukaryotes have to be close?

56
Q

How does regulation of promoter sequences in eukaryotes differ from in prokaryotes?

57
Q

What is the promoter sequence for prokaryotes?

A

Pribnow box at -10

58
Q

Where are the upstream sequences for prokaryotes?

59
Q

What can promoters be in eukaryotes?

A

Long stretches of DNA

60
Q

What can DNA have as a result of it being very flexible?

A

Another sequence called the enhancer sequence

61
Q

What impact can the enhancer sequence have on initiation?

62
Q

What effect does the enhancer have?

A

Influences transcription

63
Q

What happens when mRNA is being made?

A

The DNA double helix splits

64
Q

What is produced when the DNA double helix splits?

A

The DNA template strand and the DNA coding strand

65
Q

In what direction must the template strand be read?

A

3’ to 5’

66
Q

Why must the template stand be read 3’ to 5’?

A

Because the RNA transcript is being made 5’ to 3’

67
Q

Is the DNA coding strand used as a template?

68
Q

Why is the DNA coding strand so named?

A

Because it’s DNA sequence is identical to the RNA coding strand, apart from U and T bases

69
Q

What must be somewhere between transcription initiation and transcription termination?

A

The open reading frame (ORF)

70
Q

What is the ORF?

71
Q

What must be done to RNA to process it?

72
Q

Where does capping occur?

A

At the 5’ end

73
Q

What is the purpose of capping?

A

Protection against degradation

74
Q

Where does tailing occur?

A

At the 3’ end

75
Q

What does tailing provide?

A

A polyA tail

76
Q

What is the purpose of tailing?

A

Protection against degradation

77
Q

Where does splicing occur?

A

In the middle

78
Q

What does splicing do?

A

Removes introns

79
Q

What does splicing depend on?

A

The sequence

80
Q

What happens during capping?

A

An extra nucleotide is added on

81
Q

What nucleotide is added in capping?

A

A methylated guanine

82
Q

What is created in capping?

A

A 5’-5’ linkage

83
Q

What is the importance of capping?

A
  • Provide protection

- Plays role in translation

84
Q

What happens in polyadenylation?

85
Q

How much ATP is used by the polyA polymerase?

86
Q

What do nucleases do?

A

Degrade nucleic acids

87
Q

What can nucleases be specific to?

A

RNA or DNA

88
Q

What do endonucleases do?

A

Breaks within polynucleotides

89
Q

What are the two types of endonuclease?

A
  • Specific

- Non-specific

90
Q

What do specific endonucleases do?

A

Recognise specific sequences

91
Q

What do non-specific endonucleases do?

A

Cut at random within polynucleotides

92
Q

What do exonucleases do?

A

Degrade polynucleotides from the end

93
Q

What are the 2 types of exonucleases?

A
  • 5’ specific

- 3’ specific

94
Q

What does pre-mRNA contain?

A

Exons and introns

95
Q

What happens to pre-mRNA?

A

Introns are cut out, producing mRNA

96
Q

What are the features of splicing?

97
Q

What is splicing dependent on?

A

The sequence

98
Q

What does pre-mRNA have?

99
Q

Where is pre-mRNA cut?

A

At a very specific boundary between intron and exon

100
Q

What is pre-mRNA cut by?

A

A splicesome

101
Q

What makes the splicesome?

102
Q

What is the result of the splicesome being made by a gene?

A

It can go wrong

103
Q

What of the mRNA is translated?

A

Only the ORF

104
Q

What is the transcription end product used for?

A

The translation template

Z OLD Molecules, Genes and Disease (14 decks)

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