Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Z OLD Molecules, Genes and Disease > Gene Inheritance > Flashcards

Gene Inheritance Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What happens to DNA that allows for inheritance of genes?

A

It’s replicated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

A
  • G 1
  • S
  • G 2
  • M
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

At what stage of the cell cycle is division happening?

A

M

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens at G 1 ?

A

Cell content replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens at S?

A

DNA replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens at G 2 ?

A

Double check and repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where are the cell cycle checkpoints?

A

At the end of G 1 and G 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What can happen if something is found to be wrong at one of the cell cycle checkpoints?

A

Can decide to stop and perform autolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the part of the cell cycle where division is not happening known as?

A

Interphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is G 0 ?

A

A stage outside of the cell cycle where the cell is not dividing anymore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the model for DNA replication called?

A

Semi-conservative DNA replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why is semi-conservative DNA replication used?

A

Best way to make sure that an accurate copy of the old strand is made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is DNA replication catalysed by>?

A

DNA polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where does DNA polymerise extend from?

A

3’ end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is DNA extended?

A

Get a nucleotide with a complementary base to the template strand, which then makes a phosphodiester bond with the OH on the 3’ end of the primer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens to the DNA double helix in semi-conservative replication?

A

It is seperated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is the DNA replication reaction carried out?

A

Stepwise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the DNA replication reaction driven by?

A

Pyrophosphate hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In what direction is DNA chain growth?

A

5’ to 3’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the stages of DNA replication in prokaryotes?

A
  • Starts with circular ‘naked’ chromosome
  • Initiation
  • Elongation
  • Termination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens in the initiation stage of DNA replication of prokaryotes?

A

Separating of the double strand in both directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the result of DNA replication in prokaryotes?

A

2 identical bits of plasmid DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the first step in initiation of DNA replication?

A

Recognition of origins of replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is meant by the origins of replication?

A

The DNA sequence that tells the cellular machinery to start there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does initiation require?

A
  • The recruitment of DNA polymerase, plus other specific proteins
  • ‘Kickstart’ by primase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why does initiation require a ‘kickstart’ by primase?

A

As DNA polymerase can only extend from 3’ end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the main feature of elongation?

A

Moving replication forks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What needs to happen to the double helix in elongation?

A

It needs to be unwinded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What unwinds the double helix?

A

Helicase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Why does the DNA helix need to be unwinded?

A

To open up new areas where DNA polymerase can bind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does the fact that DNA polymerase extends from 3’ ends only lead to?

A

A continuous leading strand, and a discontinuous lagging strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does the discontinuous lagging strand produce?

A

Okazaki fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What joins the Okazaki fragments?

A

DNA ligase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

When is DNA replication terminated?

A

When replication forks bump into one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What must happen to finish DNA replication?

A

DNA ligase joins the lagging and leading strands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Does DNA replication start at the end of the molecule?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Where do DNA replication forks start?

A

From specific positions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Do DNA replication forks all go in the same direction?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How many DNA molecules are there in a chromosome?

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How many DNA molecules are there in a replicated chromosome?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Why are chromosomes still so called when they are being replicated?

A

So the chromosome number stays the same, even when dividing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What does the classical X shape of chromosome consist of?

A

2 identical DNA molecules, as it has been replicated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are chromatid telomeres?

A

Sequences that protect DNA from degredation

44
Q

What are the different types of chromosomes?

A

NAME?

45
Q

What is metacentric?

A

When the centromere is exactly central

46
Q

What is submetacentric?

A

When the centromere is slightly off centre

47
Q

What is acrocentric?

A

When the centromere is almost at the end of the chromatid

48
Q

What is telocentric?

A

When the centromere is right at the end of the chromatid, so there is no p arm

49
Q

Do humans have all types of chromosomes?

A

Not telocentric

50
Q

What does one replicated chromosome consist of?

A

2 sister chromatids

51
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The cell division for somatic cells

52
Q

What does mitosis produce?

A

2 identical daughter cells

53
Q

What does each daughter cell produced from mitosis have?

A

The same chromosome content as the parental cell

54
Q

How many mitotic rounds are there during development?

A

~50

55
Q

For what tissues is mitotic growth necessary?

A
  • Epidermis
  • Mucosae
  • Bone marrow
  • Spermatogonia
56
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

NAME?

57
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

The nuclear membrane disintegrates

58
Q

What happens during prometaphase?

A

Spindles connect to the chromosome

59
Q

What are the spindles formed in prometaphase called?

A

Kinetochore spinde fibres

60
Q

Where do spindle fibres connect to the chromosomes?

A

At the kinetochore

61
Q

What is the kinetochore?

A

A complex of proteins that binds to the centromere

62
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate

63
Q

Where is the metaphase plate?

A

In the middle

64
Q

In what fashion to chromosomes line up?

A

Randomly

65
Q

What happens to the spindles in metaphase?

A

They connect to either end of the cell

66
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Chromosomes split and are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell

67
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

NAME?

68
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Specialised cell division for germ line cells

69
Q

What do germ line cells eventually produce?

A

Gametes

70
Q

What does meiosis produce?

A

4 non-identical cells

71
Q

What does each cell produced by meiosis contain?

A

Half the chromosomal content of parental cells

72
Q

What is one round of replication followed by in meiosis?

A

Two rounds of division called meiosis I and II

73
Q

What reduction occurs in meiosis?

A

Diploid (2n) reduced to haploid (n)

74
Q

What are the ultimate products of meiosis?

A

Egg and sperm

75
Q

What happens in prophase I?

A
  • Disintegration of nuclear membrane

- Homologous chromosomes pair up

76
Q

What is the pairing up of homologous chromosomes dependant on?

A

Sequence

77
Q

Why is it said that the pairing of homologous chromosomes is sequence dependant?

A

They find the same sequence

78
Q

What do the chromosomes have when they pair up?

A

Paternal copy and maternal copy

79
Q

What is the result of the chromosomes having a maternal and paternal copy when they pair up?

A

They are non-sister, and so have a slightly different DNA sequence

80
Q

When does crossing over occur?

A

In late prophase 1

81
Q

What happens in crossing over?

A

Non-sister chromatids cross over and swap DNA strands

82
Q

What is the result of crossing over?

A

End up with DNA that has paternal and maternal DNA, as well as one chromatid that has completely paternal and one that has completely maternal

83
Q

What happens in metaphase 1?

A

The chromosomes line up in the metaphase plate in pairs

84
Q

In what order to the chromosomes line up in metaphase 1?

A

Randomly

85
Q

What is the result of the random lining up in metaphase 1?

A

Random assortment of chromosomes

86
Q

What happens in anaphase 1?

A

Each replicated chromosome goes to either end of the cell

87
Q

What happens in telophase 1?

A

2 cells are formed

88
Q

What happens to the 2 cells formed from telophase 1?

A

They go into meiosis II

89
Q

What happens in prophase II?

A

The nuclear envelope disintergrates

90
Q

What happens in metaphase II?

A

The chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate

91
Q

What happens in anaphase II?

A

Chromatids split and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

92
Q

What happens in telophase II?

A

Both cells split into 2, producing 4 in total

93
Q

What are the consequences of meiosis?

A
  • Maintains constant number of chromosomes from generation to generation
  • Generation of genetic diversity
94
Q

How does meiosis generate genetic diversity?

A

NAME?

95
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Cell division to produce male gametes

96
Q

What are the stages of spermatogenesis?

A

Spermatogonium (2n) → Primary spermatocyte (2n) → 4x spermatids (4 x n) → 4x mature sperm (4 x n)

97
Q

So how many sperm come from each spermatocyte?

A

4

98
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take ?

A

~48 days

99
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Cell division to produce female gametes

100
Q

What are the stages of oogenesis?

A

Oognium (2n) → Primary oocyte (2n) → 4x polar bodies (4 x n) → 1 mature ovum (n) leaving 3 polar bodies remaining

101
Q

What comes from 1 oocyte?

A

1 egg and 3 polar bodies

102
Q

What is the length of oogenesis?

A

12-50 years

103
Q

What happens if crossing over doesn’t occur?

A

Both of the pair may go into the same cell, resulting in an empty cell, therefore an empty gamete, and the other gamete would have 2 copies of the chromosome

104
Q

What is the error rate for meiosis?

A

~3 in 10 are mis-segregated

105
Q

What are the consequences of faulty meiosis?

A
  • Cause of 1/3 of all identified miscarriages
  • Infertility
  • Leading cause of mental retardation

Z OLD Molecules, Genes and Disease (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions