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Z OLD Molecules, Genes and Disease > Gene Translation > Flashcards

Gene Translation Flashcards

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1
Q

Where its lots of gene translation taking place?

A

In the RER

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA?

A
  • rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
  • mRNA
  • tRNA
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3
Q

What % of RNA is rRNA?

A

> 80%

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4
Q

What makes rRNA?

A

RNA polymerase I

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5
Q

What % of RNA is mRNA?

A

~2%

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6
Q

What is mRNA made by?

A

RNA polymerase II

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7
Q

What % of RNA is tRNA?

A

~15%

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8
Q

What makes tRNA?

A

RNA polymerase III

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9
Q

How many kinds of rRNA are there?

A

Only 4 or 5

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10
Q

How is there such a high % of rRNA with so few types?

A

Many copies or each

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11
Q

How many types of mRNA are there?

A

100,000s

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12
Q

How many copies are there of each mRNA?

A

Only a few

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13
Q

How are there so many types of mRNA?

A

Because genes can make more than one mRNA each

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14
Q

How can genes make more than one type of mRNA each?

A

Because splicing can be used to add another layer of complexity of gene regulation

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15
Q

Give an example of how splicing could be used to add complexity?

A

Sometimes an intron could be spliced out, sometimes it could be left in

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16
Q

How many types of tRNA are there?

A

~100

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17
Q

How many copies are there of each type of tRNA?

A

Very many

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18
Q

How many rRNAs are there in the ribosomes of prokaryotes?

A

3

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19
Q

How many proteins are there in the ribosomes of prokaryotes?

A

56

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20
Q

What sub-units are in the ribosomes of prokaryotes?

A

30s and 50s

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21
Q

What ribosomes do prokaryotes have?

A

70s

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22
Q

How many rRNAs are there in the ribosomes of eukaryotes?

A

4

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23
Q

How many proteins are there in the ribosomes of eukaryotes?

A

82

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24
Q

What sub-units are there in the ribosomes of eukaryotes?

A

40s + 60s

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25
Q

What ribosomes do eukaryotes have?

A

80s

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26
Q

Why is translation more tricky that transcription?

A
  • Changing nucleotides to amino acids

- 4 letter code to 20 letter code

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27
Q

What does translation require?

A

An adaptor molecule

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28
Q

Describe the features of the genetic code

A

NAME?

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29
Q

What is the result of ‘changing the language’ in translation?

A

5’ to 3’ template read-through producing N to C template extension

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30
Q

What is the adaptor molecule used in translation?

A

tRNA

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31
Q

What are the initiation codons?

A

Methionine- AUG

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32
Q

What are the termination codons?

A

NAME?

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33
Q

What is tRNAs structure?

A

Clover model

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34
Q

How is the specific clover model of tRNA produced?

A

Complementary antiparallel sequences form hydrogen bonds, forming stem loops

35
Q

What does each tRNA have?

A

An anticodon

36
Q

What does the anticodon consist of?

A

3 bases

37
Q

Is tRNA charged or uncharged?

A

Can be either

38
Q

What does tRNA being charged mean?

A

It has energy

39
Q

What can tRNA do when its charged?

A

Have an amino acid connected to it

40
Q

What is tRNA called when it has an amino acid connected to it?

A

An amino acyl tRNA

41
Q

What does the name of the tRNA change depending on?

A

Which amino acid is connected

42
Q

What do anticodons recognise?

A

mRNA codons that are complementary

43
Q

What base can anticodons have?

A

I- inosine

44
Q

Why might tRNA have I?

A

It is aspecific, and so one tRNA can recognise different codons for the same amino acid

45
Q

What is known as the ‘wobble position’?

A

The 5’ base of anticodon, and hence the 3’ base of the codon

46
Q

What is the purpose of the wobble position?

A

It allows a single tRNA species to recognise more than one codon

47
Q

Does it matter what base is in the wobble position?

A

Often, no

48
Q

What base will I not bond with?

A

G

49
Q

What happens in initiation of translation?

A

AUG codon recognition

50
Q

What recognises the AUG codon?

A

A ‘special’ methionyl tRNA ribosome

51
Q

In what direction is the strand elongated in translation?

A

N to C

52
Q

What are the building blocks in gene translation?

A

Aminoacyl tRNAs

53
Q

When does translation terminate?

A

When it reaches a stop codon

54
Q

What is each aminoacyl tRNA synthase specific for?

A

A specific amino acid

55
Q

What binds to tRNA synthase?

A

The amino acid and ATP

56
Q

What happens to the ATP once binded to tRNA?

A

It is converted to pyrophosphate, then phosphate, with AMP still attached to the enzyme

57
Q

What happens once the ATP has been converted to phosphate on the tRNA synthase?

A

tRNA attaches to the enzyme, releasing AMP

58
Q

What happens once AMP has been released from the tRNA synthase-tRNA complex?

A

Aminoacyl tRNA is released

59
Q

What has happened once aminoacyl tRNA has been released?

A

The amino acid has been activated

60
Q

What is recognised in initiation of translation?

A

The 5’ cap of the mature mRNA

61
Q

What recognises the 5’ cap of the mature mRNA in initiation of translation?

A

Cap binding proteins, initiation factors and tRNA

62
Q

What attaches to the 5’ cap of the mRNA?

A

The 40s sub unit of tRNA

63
Q

Does the binding of the 40s sub unit of the tRNA to the 5’ cap require energy?

A

Yes, in the form of GTP

64
Q

What happens once the 40s sub unit has bound to the 5’ cap?

A

It moves along until it finds the first codon

65
Q

Does the movement of the 40s sub unit to the first codon require energy?

A

Yes, in the form of ATP

66
Q

What happens once the 40s sub unit has found the first codon?

A

The 60s sub unit binds

67
Q

What happens when the 60s sub unit of tRNA binds to the 40s at the first codon?

A

GDP, initiation factors and cap binding proteins are released, making a fully functioning ribosome

68
Q

What sites are available at the newly functional ribosome?

A

A site and P site

69
Q

Where does aminoacyl-tRNA bind in elongation during translation?

A

To the empty A site of the ribosome

70
Q

What is the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A site of the ribosome dependant on?

A

Energy in the form of GTP

71
Q

What is formed between the two amino acids on the ribosome in translation?

A

A peptide bond

72
Q

What is the result of the formation of a peptide bond between the two amino acids in the ribosome?

A

It frees up the P site

73
Q

What happens once the peptide bond has resulting in the freeing of the P site?

A

The ribosome moves along

74
Q

What is the process of the ribosome moving along called?

A

Translocation

75
Q

Does translocation require energy?

A

Yes, in the form of GTP

76
Q

What is the result of translocation?

A

The A site is now empty, and the cycle can continue

77
Q

What is peptidyl transferase?

A

The enzyme that makes peptide bonds

78
Q

What does peptidyl transferase do with regards to the P and A sites?

A

Moves the amino acid bound to the tRNA on the P site onto the amino acid bound to tRNA on the A site, and peptide bonds them together

79
Q

What does peptidyl transferase produce?

A

Uncharged tRNA and peptidyl-tRNA

80
Q

Why does peptidyl transferase produce peptidyl-tRNA?

A

As the tRNA now has more than one amino acid attatched

81
Q

How is translation terminated?

A

A stop codon in the A site

82
Q

What is the effect of a stop codon in the A site?

A

Means water will bind with the peptidyl-tRNA in the P site, forming peptide and tRNA, hence terminating translation

83
Q

What are the differences between human and bacterial gene expression?

A

Bateria have-

  • Simple promoters
  • Different transcription factors
  • Single RNA polymerase
  • Coupled transcription-translation
  • No post-transcriptional processing
  • Short lived mRNAs
  • Simpler ribosomes
  • Distinctive translation initiation mechanism
  • Different translation factors

Z OLD Molecules, Genes and Disease (14 decks)

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