Chromosomes, Genes and DNA

Question 1

Where are genes found?

Answer 1

On chromosomes in nucleus

Question 2

What do genes produce?

Answer 2

Proteins

Question 3

Where are proteins produced?

Answer 3

In the cytoplasm

Question 4

What is the passage from gene to protein?

Answer 4

DNA → RNA → protein

Question 5

How does DNA in the nucleus differ in appearance?

Answer 5

NAME?

Question 6

When is the DNA in chromosomes?

Answer 6

When its dividing

Question 7

How many chromosomes are there in humans?

Answer 7

46

Question 8

What is chromatin?

Answer 8

DNA in the nucleus

Question 9

What are the two types of chromatin?

Answer 9

• Heterochromatin

- Euchromatin

Question 10

What is the more condensed form of chromatin?

Answer 10

Heterochromatin

Question 11

What shape is DNA?

Answer 11

Double helix

Question 12

What feature does the double helix of DNA have?

Answer 12

Has a major groove and minor groove

Question 13

What is the aim of the human genome project?

Answer 13

To find cures for diseases

Question 14

What do we want to know about the human genome?

Answer 14

What the sequence actually does

Question 15

What has been found about the functionality of the human genome?

Answer 15

That 70-80% of the human genome has function

Question 16

What is the smallest unit of DNA packaging?

Answer 16

The nucleosome

Question 17

What is a nucleosome?

Answer 17

DNA wrapped around a histone core

Question 18

What is between histones?

Answer 18

Bits of DNA

Question 19

What are the bits of DNA between histones called?

Answer 19

Linker DNA of nucleoosme

Question 20

What do the histone cores consist of?

Answer 20

Lots of protein

Question 21

What can happen if the protein complexes in histone cores go wrong?

Answer 21

Can result in disease

Question 22

Is DNA flexible or rigid?

Answer 22

Flexible

Question 23

Where can DNA flex?

Answer 23

In the minor groove

Question 24

What is the result of the flexibility of DNA?

Answer 24

It can wrap around the histone core twice

Question 25

How are nucleosomes further packaged?

Answer 25

Into solenoids

Question 26

What is heterochromatin made up of?

Answer 26

Solenoids

Question 27

Are genes expressed in heterochromatin?

Answer 27

No

Question 28

Why are genes not expressed in heterochromatin?

Answer 28

Because they are too tightly bound to access

Question 29

How does euchromatin differ from heterochromatin?

Answer 29

It has a different density, and so the genes are expresseed

Question 30

What do solenoid loops form?

Answer 30

Chromatids of chromosomes

Question 31

What are the chromatids called?

Answer 31

#NAME?

Question 32

Are genes expressed in chromosomes?

Answer 32

No

Question 33

Why are genes not expressed in chromosomes?

Answer 33

Because the DNA is so tightly wound to get into package that it can’t be

Question 34

What to genes carry?

Answer 34

The code for protein

Question 35

What does each gene have?

Answer 35

A chromosomal location

Question 36

What is meant by a chromosomal location?

Answer 36

On a certain position on a chromosome on DNA molecule is the code for a certain protein

Question 37

How do chromosomal locations differ between individuals?

Answer 37

They don't

Question 38

What does each chromosome have?

Answer 38

A different banding pattern

Question 39

Where is the chromosomal banding pattern visible?

Answer 39

Under the microscope

Question 40

What is the human genome?

Answer 40

The entire DNA sequence

Question 41

What makes up the 24 different chromosomes?

Answer 41

22 pairs, and the sex chromosomes (X and Y)

Question 42

What are autosomes?

Answer 42

Non-sex chromosomes

Question 43

How are chromosomes numbered?

Answer 43

In size order, apart from 21 and 22, which are the wrong way round

Question 44

What are genes on the Y chromosome limited to?

Answer 44

Male specific things

Question 45

What are DNA and RNA?

Answer 45

Nucleic acids

Question 46

What are nucleic acids?

Answer 46

Polynucleotides

Question 47

What are polynucleotides made up of?

Answer 47

Linear polymers of nucleotides

Question 48

What does a nucleoside consist of?

Answer 48

- Base  | - Sugar

Question 49

What does a nucleotide consist of?

Answer 49

- Base - Sugar  - Phosphate

Question 50

What are the two types of pentose sugar in nature?

Answer 50

#NAME?

Question 51

What does RNA contain?

Answer 51

Ribose sugar

Question 52

What does DNA contain?

Answer 52

2-deoxyribose

Question 53

What is a ribonucleotide?

Answer 53

A RNA building block

Question 54

What does a ribonucleotide consist of?

Answer 54

#NAME?

Question 55

Where is the nitrogenous base bound?

Answer 55

To carbon 1 of the ribose sugar

Question 56

What joins the phosphate group to the ribose sugar?

Answer 56

A phosphate ester link

Question 57

Where does the phosphate group join to the ribose sugar?

Answer 57

Carbon 5

Question 58

What charge does every nucleotide have?

Answer 58

Negative

Question 59

What is the result of the negative charge on nucleotides?

Answer 59

Every DNA molecule is heavily negatively charged

Question 60

What is the significance of the negatively charged DNA molecules?

Answer 60

They interact with the positively charged histones

Question 61

What are the two types of nitrogenous bases?

Answer 61

#NAME?

Question 62

What does a purine have?

Answer 62

A 2 ring structure; a 5C and a 4C ring

Question 63

What does a pyrimidine have?

Answer 63

1 ring

Question 64

What are the two main purines in RNA and DNA?

Answer 64

#NAME?

Question 65

What are the main pyrimidines in RNA and DNA

Answer 65

#NAME?

Question 66

How are nucleotides joined together?

Answer 66

Phosphodiester bonds

Question 67

What does the nucleotide chain have?

Answer 67

Polarity

Question 68

In what direction does the nucleotide chain have polarity?

Answer 68

5’ to 3’

Question 69

Why is the 5 prime end so named?

Answer 69

Because thats were the C5 from the nucleotide is

Question 70

What is at the 5’ end?

Answer 70

Phosphate

Question 71

What is at the 3’ end?

Answer 71

Hydroxyl

Question 72

Where are phosphodiester bonds formed?

Answer 72

At the C5 phosphate →  C3 hydroxyl

Question 73

What base pairs are made?

Answer 73

- G-C  | - A-U/T

Question 74

What type of bonds form between base pairs?

Answer 74

Hydrogen

Question 75

How many bonds form between G and C?

Answer 75

3

Question 76

How many bonds form between A and U/T?

Answer 76

2

Question 77

What structures can nucleic acids form?

Answer 77

Duplex

Question 78

What happens to nucleic acids so base pairs can form?

Answer 78

They are flipped

Question 79

What can be said of the nucleic acid strands that form duplex structures?

Answer 79

They are complementary and anti-parallel

Question 80

Between what strand types can duplex structures be formed?

Answer 80

#NAME?

Question 81

Are duplex structures stable or temporary?

Answer 81

Can be either

Question 82

Where does duplex structure formation occur?

Answer 82

Can be in vivo or in lab

Question 83

What are RNA stem loops?

Answer 83

Single stranded RNA molecules that can form duplex structures within it’s own structure

Question 84

How are RNA stem loops formed?

Answer 84

Hydrogen bonds are formed between antiparallel complementary sequences within the structure

Question 85

Give an example of an RNA stem loop

Answer 85

tRNA