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Z OLD Molecules, Genes and Disease > Chromosomes, Genes and DNA > Flashcards

Chromosomes, Genes and DNA Flashcards

1
Q

Where are genes found?

A

On chromosomes in nucleus

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2
Q

What do genes produce?

A

Proteins

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3
Q

Where are proteins produced?

A

In the cytoplasm

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4
Q

What is the passage from gene to protein?

A

DNA → RNA → protein

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5
Q

How does DNA in the nucleus differ in appearance?

A

NAME?

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6
Q

When is the DNA in chromosomes?

A

When its dividing

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7
Q

How many chromosomes are there in humans?

A

46

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8
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA in the nucleus

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9
Q

What are the two types of chromatin?

A
  • Heterochromatin

- Euchromatin

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10
Q

What is the more condensed form of chromatin?

A

Heterochromatin

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11
Q

What shape is DNA?

A

Double helix

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12
Q

What feature does the double helix of DNA have?

A

Has a major groove and minor groove

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13
Q

What is the aim of the human genome project?

A

To find cures for diseases

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14
Q

What do we want to know about the human genome?

A

What the sequence actually does

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15
Q

What has been found about the functionality of the human genome?

A

That 70-80% of the human genome has function

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16
Q

What is the smallest unit of DNA packaging?

A

The nucleosome

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17
Q

What is a nucleosome?

A

DNA wrapped around a histone core

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18
Q

What is between histones?

A

Bits of DNA

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19
Q

What are the bits of DNA between histones called?

A

Linker DNA of nucleoosme

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20
Q

What do the histone cores consist of?

A

Lots of protein

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21
Q

What can happen if the protein complexes in histone cores go wrong?

A

Can result in disease

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22
Q

Is DNA flexible or rigid?

A

Flexible

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23
Q

Where can DNA flex?

A

In the minor groove

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24
Q

What is the result of the flexibility of DNA?

A

It can wrap around the histone core twice

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25
Q

How are nucleosomes further packaged?

A

Into solenoids

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26
Q

What is heterochromatin made up of?

A

Solenoids

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27
Q

Are genes expressed in heterochromatin?

A

No

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28
Q

Why are genes not expressed in heterochromatin?

A

Because they are too tightly bound to access

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29
Q

How does euchromatin differ from heterochromatin?

A

It has a different density, and so the genes are expresseed

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30
Q

What do solenoid loops form?

A

Chromatids of chromosomes

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31
Q

What are the chromatids called?

A

NAME?

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32
Q

Are genes expressed in chromosomes?

A

No

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33
Q

Why are genes not expressed in chromosomes?

A

Because the DNA is so tightly wound to get into package that it can’t be

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34
Q

What to genes carry?

A

The code for protein

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35
Q

What does each gene have?

A

A chromosomal location

36
Q

What is meant by a chromosomal location?

A

On a certain position on a chromosome on DNA molecule is the code for a certain protein

37
Q

How do chromosomal locations differ between individuals?

A

They don’t

38
Q

What does each chromosome have?

A

A different banding pattern

39
Q

Where is the chromosomal banding pattern visible?

A

Under the microscope

40
Q

What is the human genome?

A

The entire DNA sequence

41
Q

What makes up the 24 different chromosomes?

A

22 pairs, and the sex chromosomes (X and Y)

42
Q

What are autosomes?

A

Non-sex chromosomes

43
Q

How are chromosomes numbered?

A

In size order, apart from 21 and 22, which are the wrong way round

44
Q

What are genes on the Y chromosome limited to?

A

Male specific things

45
Q

What are DNA and RNA?

A

Nucleic acids

46
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

Polynucleotides

47
Q

What are polynucleotides made up of?

A

Linear polymers of nucleotides

48
Q

What does a nucleoside consist of?

A
  • Base

- Sugar

49
Q

What does a nucleotide consist of?

A
  • Base
  • Sugar
  • Phosphate
50
Q

What are the two types of pentose sugar in nature?

A

NAME?

51
Q

What does RNA contain?

A

Ribose sugar

52
Q

What does DNA contain?

A

2-deoxyribose

53
Q

What is a ribonucleotide?

A

A RNA building block

54
Q

What does a ribonucleotide consist of?

A

NAME?

55
Q

Where is the nitrogenous base bound?

A

To carbon 1 of the ribose sugar

56
Q

What joins the phosphate group to the ribose sugar?

A

A phosphate ester link

57
Q

Where does the phosphate group join to the ribose sugar?

A

Carbon 5

58
Q

What charge does every nucleotide have?

A

Negative

59
Q

What is the result of the negative charge on nucleotides?

A

Every DNA molecule is heavily negatively charged

60
Q

What is the significance of the negatively charged DNA molecules?

A

They interact with the positively charged histones

61
Q

What are the two types of nitrogenous bases?

A

NAME?

62
Q

What does a purine have?

A

A 2 ring structure; a 5C and a 4C ring

63
Q

What does a pyrimidine have?

A

1 ring

64
Q

What are the two main purines in RNA and DNA?

A

NAME?

65
Q

What are the main pyrimidines in RNA and DNA

A

NAME?

66
Q

How are nucleotides joined together?

A

Phosphodiester bonds

67
Q

What does the nucleotide chain have?

A

Polarity

68
Q

In what direction does the nucleotide chain have polarity?

A

5’ to 3’

69
Q

Why is the 5 prime end so named?

A

Because thats were the C5 from the nucleotide is

70
Q

What is at the 5’ end?

A

Phosphate

71
Q

What is at the 3’ end?

A

Hydroxyl

72
Q

Where are phosphodiester bonds formed?

A

At the C5 phosphate → C3 hydroxyl

73
Q

What base pairs are made?

A
  • G-C

- A-U/T

74
Q

What type of bonds form between base pairs?

A

Hydrogen

75
Q

How many bonds form between G and C?

A

3

76
Q

How many bonds form between A and U/T?

A

2

77
Q

What structures can nucleic acids form?

A

Duplex

78
Q

What happens to nucleic acids so base pairs can form?

A

They are flipped

79
Q

What can be said of the nucleic acid strands that form duplex structures?

A

They are complementary and anti-parallel

80
Q

Between what strand types can duplex structures be formed?

A

NAME?

81
Q

Are duplex structures stable or temporary?

A

Can be either

82
Q

Where does duplex structure formation occur?

A

Can be in vivo or in lab

83
Q

What are RNA stem loops?

A

Single stranded RNA molecules that can form duplex structures within it’s own structure

84
Q

How are RNA stem loops formed?

A

Hydrogen bonds are formed between antiparallel complementary sequences within the structure

85
Q

Give an example of an RNA stem loop

A

tRNA

Z OLD Molecules, Genes and Disease (14 decks)

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