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OS 201 Histo Exam 1 > Trans 2 Epithelium > Flashcards

Trans 2 Epithelium Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of an epithelium?

A
  1. Avascular tissue
  2. Covers internal closed cavities and body tubes that communicate with the exterior
  3. lining or surface epithelium
  4. Self-renewing
  5. With functional and morphological polarity
  6. Can form glands
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2
Q

What are the functions of an epithelium

A 
Selective barrier
Absorption
Secretion
Protection
Others (sensation, contractility, transport of nutrients and other elements, waterproofing)
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3
Q

Classification of epithelium based on morphological characteristics

A

Simple

Compound

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4
Q

Classifications of epithelium based on cell shape

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

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5
Q

Type of squamous epithelium

Single later of flattened cells

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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6
Q

Function of simple squamous epithelium

A

exchange and barrier

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7
Q

The endothelium and mesothelium are examples of what kind of epithelium

A

Simple squamous

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8
Q

Type of simple epithelium in wc the height and width of the cells are almost equal

A

Simple cuboidal

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9
Q

Function of simple cuboidal cell

A

Secretion and absorption

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10
Q

The kidney tubule is an example of what epithelium

A

Simple cuboidal

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11
Q

Type of simple epithelium with the width smaller than the height of the cell

A

Simple columnar

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12
Q

What is the function of simple columnar cells

A

Secretion and absorption

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13
Q

The lining of the gallbladder is an example of what epithelium

A

Simple columnar

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14
Q

Type of epithelium consisting of a single layer which appears to be stratified due to different levels of the nuclei

A

Pseudostratified

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15
Q

Where can you find pseudostratified epithelium?

A

respiratory (lining of trachea, bronchi and nasal cavity)

Male reproductive tract (epididymis)

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16
Q

True or false

For compound epithelium, you describe the epithelium based on which type of cell is present in larger amounts

A

False, you described based on the MOST SUPERFICIAL layer

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17
Q

Several layers of flattened cells

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

Can be keratinized or non-keratinized

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18
Q

Function of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

Waterproofing layer (skin)

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19
Q

Where to find non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium

A

Mucus-rich regions with glandular tissue underneath

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20
Q

Function of stratified squamous epithelium

A

Barrier and protection

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21
Q

Consists of 2-3 layers of cuboidal cells

A

Stratified cuboidal

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22
Q

Function of stratified cuboidal cells

A

barrier and conduit

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23
Q

The large excretory duct of salivary glands are made up of what kind of epithelium?

A

Stratified cuboidal

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24
Q

Usually consists of 2-3 layers of columnar cells

A

Stratified columnar cells

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25
Q

Function of stratified columnar cells

A

Barrier and conduit

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26
Q

The large excretory ducts of exocrine are made up of what type of compound epithelial cells?

A

Stratified columnar

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27
Q

Other name of transitional epithelium

A

Uroepithelium

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28
Q

Surface cells of transitional epithelium

A

Dome cells or umbrella cells

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29
Q

Cells in the transitional epithelium that allow changes in the volume without changes in the pressure of the organ

A

Dome cells / umbrella cells

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30
Q

Match the following (Transitional epithelium)

  1. Dome shaped
  2. Flattened

A. Contracted
B. Distended

A

Dome-shaped (contracted) -> flattened (distended)

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31
Q

Function of the uroepithelium

A

Barrier with a distensible property

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32
Q

True or false:

The height of the cells often reflects the level of secretory or absorptive activity

A

True

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33
Q

Three domains/surfaces of an epithelial cell

A

Apical
Lateral
Basal

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34
Q

What are the surface modifications of the apical part of the epithelial cell

A

Microvilli
Cilia
Stereocilia

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35
Q

What are the surface modifications in the lateral domain of the epithelial cell?

A

Tight junction
Intermediate junction
Desmosomes
Gap junctions

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36
Q

Surface modification of the basal domain

A

Hemidesmosomes

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37
Q

Functions of the apical cell

A

Increase the surface area for absorption

Move substances along the epithelial surface

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38
Q

Domain of epithelial cells that face the organs lumen and often have specialized projecting structures

A

Apical domain

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39
Q

Shortest non-motile projection, closely packed with upright array of fingerlike evaginations from the plasma membrane of the cell

A

Microvilli

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40
Q

Microvilli are composed of what kind of filaments

A

ACTIN filaments

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41
Q

Horizontal network of filaments which lies just below the base of microvilli, where the actin filaments are attached for RIGIDITY

A

Terminal web

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42
Q

Microvilli have this on their surfaces which serves as surface for adsorption and release of digestive enzymes

A

Glycocalyx

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43
Q

What are the functions of microvilli

A

Increases absorptive surface of a cell

Facilitates movement of materials

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44
Q

Motile surface modifications used to move mucus/ovum across surface (respiratory tract/oviduct)

A

Cilia

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45
Q

The cilia has a core of microtubules called what? And where is it attached?

A

Axoneme, attached to the basal body

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46
Q

How many peripheral doubles and central singlets does an axoneme have?

A

9 peripheral doubles, 2 central singlets (9:2)

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47
Q

How many peripheral doubles and central singlets does a basal body have?

A

9 peripheral doubles, 0 singlets (9:0)

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48
Q

Where does the cilia come from?

A

Centriole

49
Q

What causes cilia to move?

A

Adjacent axoneme interaction via DYNEIN links

50
Q

What are the functions of non-motile cilia

A

Detection of light, odors, motion and flow of liquid

51
Q

Only found in cuboidal or columnar epithelia, type of cilia with rapid beating patterns of movement that propel a current of fluid and suspended matter in one direction over the epithelium

A

Motile cilia

52
Q

Movement of motile cilia

A

Metachronous

53
Q

Non-motile, bigger and more elevated microvili which is long, thin and clumped at the ends

A

Stereocilia

54
Q

Functions of stereocilia

A

absorption for ductus deferens and epididymis in male repro tract
Sensory hearing for Organ of Corti

55
Q

Epithelial cells that strongly adhere to neighboring cells

A

Lateral

56
Q

Collective term used to refer to the specific structural components that make up the barrier and attachment devices between adjacent cells

A

Junctional complex

57
Q

Transmembrane proteins present in anchoring junctions

A

Cell adhesion molecules

58
Q

CAMs for cell to cell adhesion

A

Cadherins
Immunoglobulin superfamilies
Selectins

59
Q

Ca 2+ dependent, for same cell types

A

Cadherins

60
Q

CAMs for same cell types

A

Immunoglobulin superfamilies

61
Q

CAM attaching different cell types

A

Selectins

62
Q

Found at the most apicolateral portion, most adhesive portion, fused plasma membrane of adjacent cells

A

Tight junction (Zonula Occludens)

63
Q

Fusion of the tight junction (sealing intercellular space and maintaining polarity) was brought about by what transmembrane protein?

A

occludins

64
Q

Junction that is medial in position with a wider intercellular space

A

Intermediate Junction (Zonula Adherens)

65
Q

Plasma membrane of adjacent cells are linked by what complexes

A

E-cadherin and catenin complexes

66
Q

Why is the intermediate junction not present in squamous cells

A

Squamous cells are too thin and flat

67
Q

Lowermost junctional complex

A

Desmosomes (Macula adherens)

68
Q

Major transmembrane link proteins

A

Desmocollin and desmoglein

69
Q

Part of the cytplasm which counters wear and tear and holds the shape of the skin

A

Cytoplasmic attachment plaque

70
Q

Allows faster communication

A

Gap Junctions (Nexus)

71
Q

Gap junctions are made up of what

A

Connexons

72
Q

Functions of connexons

A

Allows the transmission of ions, basically transmembrane channels

73
Q

Differentiate connexon from connexin

A

Connexon: channels
Connexin: transmembrane proteins that surrounds the connexons

74
Q

Found in actively transporting epithelia of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and nerves

A

Gap junctions

75
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: epithelial cells strongly adhere to basal lamina esp those subject to friction and other mechanical forces

A

True

76
Q

Specialized structure located next to the basal domain of epithelial cells and the underlying connective tissue stroma

A

Basement membrane

77
Q

Increase cell surface area and facilitate interactions between adjacent cells and ECM proteins

A

Basal cell membrane infoldings

78
Q

Main cell adhesion molecules

A

Integrins

79
Q

The basement membrane is made up of what

A

Basal lamina + reticular lamina

80
Q

Single later, one of the main characteristics of epithelium

A

Basal lamina

81
Q

Basal lamina collagen type

A

Type IV collagen

82
Q

The basal lamina [collagen] is coated with what and why

A

PROTEOGLYCANS with negatively charged SULFATE groups, allowing it to become an electrostatic barrier

83
Q

Two layers of the basal lamina

A

Lamina lucida

Lamina densa

84
Q

Thinner portion of the basal lamina, with laminin only

A

Lamina lucida

85
Q

Made up of laminin, type IV collagen, sulfated proteoglycans, glycoproteins (Fibronectin)

A

Lamina densa

NOTE: laminin makes up the backbone/scaffold

86
Q

Functions of the basal lamina

A

Attachment, selective barrier, polarity, tissue-scaffolding for would healing and repair

87
Q

Made up of reticular fibers of underlying connective tissue

A

Reticular lamina

88
Q

Reticular fibers collagen type

A

Type III

89
Q

Anchoring fibrils collagen type

A

Type VII collagen

90
Q

Why is reticular lamina thickened in the trachea

A

To support airway from collapsing

91
Q

Type of cell-ecm junction, one half of the desmosome

A

Hemidesmosome

92
Q

Where is the hemidesmosome connected

A

To the basal lamina

93
Q

Desmosome vs hemidesmosome

A

Clustered transmembrane proteins that link to cytokeratin intermediate filaments are integrins in hemidesmosome, cadherins in desmosome

94
Q

Where can you find hemidesmosomes

A

Abrasive and shearing forces

95
Q

Group of epithelial cells specialized for sevretion

A

Glands

96
Q

Types of glands depending on method of delivery

A

Exocrine gland

Endocrine gland

97
Q

Has a ductal system, decretes products onto a surface directly or through epithelial ducts or tubes connected to a surface

A

Exocrine glands

98
Q

Classification of exocrine glands based on number of cells

A

Unicellular

Multicellular

99
Q

Classification of exocrine glands based on branching

A

Simple

Compound

100
Q

Classification of exocrine glands based on secretory portion

A

Tubular
Acinar
Tubulo-acinar

101
Q

Classification of exocrine glands based on secretion

A

Mucous
Serous
Mexed seromucous acini called SEROUS DEMILUNE

102
Q

Classification of exocrine glands based on method of secretion

A

Merocrine
Holocrine
Apocrine

103
Q

Tubular vs acinar vs tubulo-acinar

A

Elongated - rounded - mixed

104
Q

[exocrine gland based on type of secretion] produces mucin, have a pale cytoplasm and a flat nucleus

A

Mucous

105
Q

[exocrine gland based on type of secretion] with watery, enzyme rich secretion

A

Serous

106
Q

[exocrine gland based on type of secretion] with a half moon appearance

A

Serous demilune

107
Q

Merocrine vs holocrine vs apocrine

A

Cell is intact - Suicidal secretion - Part of cell is destroyed

108
Q

Components of exocrine glands

A

Stroma

Parenchyma

109
Q

Supportive portion of exocrine glands

A

Stroma

110
Q

Secretory portion of exocrine gland, epithelial component

A

Parenchyma

111
Q

[stroma] condensation of connective tissue

A

Capsule

112
Q

[stroma] extemds omward from the capsule to divide the gland into lobes and lobules

A

Septa (thinner septa to divide into lobules)

113
Q

[stroma] delicate network which surrounds acini

A

Reticular fibers

114
Q

Ductal system arrangement:

A

Intercalated duct -> striated duct -> intralobular duct -> interlobular duct -> lobar duct -> main duct

115
Q

Gland that lacks a duct system, they decrete their products into the connective tissue to the blood stream tor each their target cells

A

Endocrine glands

116
Q

What do you call the products of endocrine glands

A

Hormone

117
Q

How are cells in endocrine gland arranged

A

Cords and columns

Except thyroid gland, cells are in rounded units

118
Q

True or false: endocrine glands are avascular

A

False, they are HIGHLY VASCULAR

OS 201 Histo Exam 1 (5 decks)

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