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OS 201 Histo Exam 1 > Trans 1-ish Cell Overview > Flashcards

Trans 1-ish Cell Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What are the physiologic functions of the cell?

A
  1. Homeostasis
  2. Protein synthesis
  3. Energy Production
  4. Digestion
  5. Reproduction/Renewal
  6. Apoptosis
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2
Q

Largest cell

A

Oocyte / Ovum

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3
Q

Longest Cell

A

Neuron / Nerve Cell

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4
Q

Smallest cell

A

Granule cells of the cerebellum

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5
Q

Ubiquitous, usually used as reference

A

RBC

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6
Q

2 variations in cell shape

A

Flattened, cuboidal

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7
Q

What are the components of a cell

A 
Water (75%)
Proteins (12.5%)
Nucleic Acids (7%)
Lipids (<3%)
Carbohydrates (<3%)
Vitamins, minerals, salts (trace)
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8
Q

What encloses all cells?

A

Cell membrane

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9
Q

Fluid part of the Fluid Mosaic Model

A

Lipid bilayer

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10
Q

Mosaic part of the Fluid Mosaic Model

A

Proteins

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11
Q

Proteins integrated with the lipid bilayer

A

Integral proteins

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12
Q

Integral proteins that transverse the bilayer

A

Transmembrane proteins

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13
Q

Integral proteins that only attached at the surface

A

Peripheral proteins

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14
Q

What are the components of lipid rafts

A

Cholesterol + Glycosphingolipids

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15
Q

Appearance of the cell membrane under EM

A

Trilaminar, 2 outer hydrophilic lines and middle hydrophobic line

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16
Q

Shift in the location of certain phospholipids

A

Membrane asymmetry

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17
Q

Carbohydrate residues on the outer leaflet for cell recognition and cell metabolism

A

Glycocalyx

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18
Q

DNA + histone protein

A

Nucleosome

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19
Q

String of nucleosomes

A

Chromatin

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20
Q

Coiling chromatin

A

Chromosome

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21
Q

2 types of chromatin

A

Euchromatin, heterochromatin

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22
Q

Type of chromatin that doesn’t stain

A

Euchromatin

Heterochromatin - Basophilic

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23
Q

Type of chromatin that is condensed and tightly coiled

A

Heterochromatin

Euchromatin - extended, loose

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24
Q

What surrounds the nucleolus

A

Heterochromatin

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25
Q

Nucleolus functions in RNA synthesis

A
  1. Synthesis of ribosomes
  2. Cell cycle
  3. Cellular aging
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26
Q

2 components of the nucleolus seen under an EM

A
  1. Fibrillar component

2. Granular component

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27
Q

What organizes the chromatin

A

Nuclear envelope

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28
Q

What kind of membrane does the nuclear envelope have

A

Double membrane - outer continuous with RER

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29
Q

What enters a nuclear pore complex

A

transcription factors, histones, lamins, ribosomal proteins

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30
Q

What exits a nuclear pore complex

A

mRNA, tRNA, pre-ribosomes

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31
Q

Structure of the nuclear pore complex

A

2 coaxial rings, 8 subunits per ring

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32
Q

Some kind of classification of cytoplasmic organelles

A

® Protein factory – ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum,
Golgi complex, secretory granules
® Power plant – mitochondria, peroxisomes
® Garbage disposal – lysosomes
® Miscellaneous – smooth ER, centrioles

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33
Q

Non-membranous proteins

A

Ribsomes, proteosomes

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34
Q

Components of ribosomes

A

rRNA + ribosomal proteins (2 subunits)

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35
Q

Ribosomes free from RER

A

cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, peroxisomes

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36
Q

Ribosomes in the RER

A

secretory (export), lysosomal, Golgi, RER, cell membrane, nuclear envelope

37
Q

Structure of the RER

A

® Flattened saccules (=cisternae)
® Studded with ribosomes
® Intimately associated with the outer nuclear membrane

38
Q

Functions of RER

A
  1. Protein synthesis

2. Modify newly synthesized proteins

39
Q

Area of the cytoplasm that stains prominently with basic dye

A

Ergastoplasm

40
Q

Irregular clumps of RER

A

Nissil Bodies

41
Q

Difference between the structure of RER and SER

A

SER is without ribosomes

42
Q

Functions of the SER

A

® Synthesis of steroid hormones (testis, adrenal cortex)
® Synthesis of glycogen, cholesterol, and lipoproteins (liver) ® Detoxification of drugs and alcohol (liver)
® Storage of calcium (muscle)

43
Q

Golgi complex structure

A

Multiple flattened cisternae

44
Q

Faces of the golgi complex

A

Entrance: Cis-face - convex outer
Exit: Trans-face - concave inner

45
Q

Best way to see the golgi bodies

A

Negative golgi image

46
Q

Small organelles of variable structure with digestive enzymes

A

Lysosomes

47
Q

How many hydrolases does a lysosome contain

A

> 40

48
Q

Digestion of phagocytosed material

A

Heterophagy

49
Q

Digestion of damaged organelles

A

Autophagy

50
Q

Lysosomes in neutrophils

A

Azurophilic granules

51
Q

Appearance of azurophilic granules

A

purplish specks in the cytoplasm

52
Q

Complex that destroys misfolded or ubiquitin-labeled proteins

A

Proteasome complex

53
Q

Functions of mitochondria

A
  1. Energy production

2. Stress detection - initiates apoptosis

54
Q

Layers of the mitochondria’s double membrane

A
  1. Outer membrane
  2. Intermembrane space
  3. Inner membrane
  4. Matrix
55
Q

Smooth, sieve-like layer of the mitochondria’s double membrane + contains many porins

A

Outer membrane

56
Q

Contains enzymes for preliminary conversion of lipid substrates

A

Intermembrane space

57
Q

Thing, sharply folded layer of the mitochondria’s double membrane, contains ETC

A

Inner membrane

58
Q

Contains enzymes for the Kreb;s cycvle and fatty acid oxidation

A

Matrix`

59
Q

Temporary storage of cell metabolic products, with characteristic staining properties

A

Inclusions

60
Q

Acidophilic, dark-staining climps in the cytoplasm

A

Secretory granules

61
Q

Membrane-bound inclusion, storage form of glucose

A

Glycogen granules

62
Q

Multiple small globules or big blob, storage form of triglyceride

A

Lipid droplets

63
Q

Image of lipid droplets

A

Clear spaces, H&E can’t bind

64
Q

Yellow-brown by-product of lysosomes , wear-and-tear pigment

A

Lipofuscin granules

65
Q

Highly dynamic network of protein filaments extending throughout the cytoplasm

A

Cytoskeleton

66
Q

What are the the three kinds of protein filaments (in order of decreasing diameter)

A
  1. Microtubule (25 nm)
  2. Intermediate filament (8-12 nm)
  3. Microfilament (7 nm)
67
Q

Functions of the cytoskeleton

A
  1. Motility
  2. Cell shape and stability
  3. Intracellular organization
  4. Cell migration
68
Q

What protein filament moves organelles across the cytoplasm

A

Microtubules

69
Q

Describe the structure of microtubules

A

Rigid hollow tubes made up of α and β tubulin subunits

70
Q

What are the functions of microtubules

A
  1. Maintain cell shape, resist compression

2. Facilitate movement of cilia and flagella, organelles and their derivatives, chromosomes during mitotis

71
Q

Where do microtubules originate from

A

Microtubule-Organizing Centers - contain 2 centrioles at a right angle

72
Q

Describe the structure of a centriole

A

Hollow cylindrical structures made up of nine triplet microtubules attached via arms and arranged in a pinwheel pattern

73
Q

What protein filament is made up of a double chain of actin subunits in a helix?

A

Microfilaments

74
Q

What are the functions of microfilaments

A
  1. Structural support, bears tension
  2. Facilitates muscle contraction (with myosin)
  3. Amoeboid movement
  4. Cleavage furrow formation
75
Q

What surface modification is made up of microfilaments?

A

Microvilli / stereocilla

76
Q

Where are actin filaments most concentrated?

A

Cortex, beneath the plasma membrane

77
Q

Which protein filaments are dynamic with net growth occurring on one end?

A

Microtubules, microfilaments

*intermediate filaments are non-dynamic, non-polar

78
Q

What is the stable, rope-like protein filament?

A

Intermediate filaments

79
Q

What do you call intermediate filaments in connective tissue?

A

Vimentin

80
Q

What do you call intermediate filaments in muscle tissue?

A

Desmin

81
Q

What do you call intermediate filaments in epithelial tissue?

A

Keratin

82
Q

What do you call intermediate filaments in nervous tissue?

A

Neurofilaments

83
Q

Functions of intermediate filaments

A

® Mechanical strength
® Support meshwork which lines the interior of the nuclear envelope (nuclear lamina)
® Cell-to-cell junctions to strengthen epithelial layers

84
Q

What basic type of tissue has closely packed, polyhedral cells and scant ECM?

A

Epithelium

85
Q

What basic type of tissue has few, far apart cells and abundant ECM?

A

Connective Tissue (Bone and Cartilage)

86
Q

What basic type of tissue has few, floating cells and liquid ECM?

A

Blood

87
Q

What basic type of tissue has elongated, contractile cells and moderate ECM?

A

Muscles

88
Q

What basic type of tissue has intertwining, elongated cells and no ECM?

A

Nerves

OS 201 Histo Exam 1 (5 decks)

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