Trans 1-ish Cell Overview Flashcards
1
Q
What are the physiologic functions of the cell?
A
- Homeostasis
- Protein synthesis
- Energy Production
- Digestion
- Reproduction/Renewal
- Apoptosis
2
Q
Largest cell
A
Oocyte / Ovum
3
Q
Longest Cell
A
Neuron / Nerve Cell
4
Q
Smallest cell
A
Granule cells of the cerebellum
5
Q
Ubiquitous, usually used as reference
A
RBC
6
Q
2 variations in cell shape
A
Flattened, cuboidal
7
Q
What are the components of a cell
A
Water (75%) Proteins (12.5%) Nucleic Acids (7%) Lipids (<3%) Carbohydrates (<3%) Vitamins, minerals, salts (trace)
8
Q
What encloses all cells?
A
Cell membrane
9
Q
Fluid part of the Fluid Mosaic Model
A
Lipid bilayer
10
Q
Mosaic part of the Fluid Mosaic Model
A
Proteins
11
Q
Proteins integrated with the lipid bilayer
A
Integral proteins
12
Q
Integral proteins that transverse the bilayer
A
Transmembrane proteins
13
Q
Integral proteins that only attached at the surface
A
Peripheral proteins
14
Q
What are the components of lipid rafts
A
Cholesterol + Glycosphingolipids
15
Q
Appearance of the cell membrane under EM
A
Trilaminar, 2 outer hydrophilic lines and middle hydrophobic line
16
Q
Shift in the location of certain phospholipids
A
Membrane asymmetry
17
Q
Carbohydrate residues on the outer leaflet for cell recognition and cell metabolism
A
Glycocalyx
18
Q
DNA + histone protein
A
Nucleosome
19
Q
String of nucleosomes
A
Chromatin
20
Q
Coiling chromatin
A
Chromosome
21
Q
2 types of chromatin
A
Euchromatin, heterochromatin
22
Q
Type of chromatin that doesn’t stain
A
Euchromatin
Heterochromatin - Basophilic
23
Q
Type of chromatin that is condensed and tightly coiled
A
Heterochromatin
Euchromatin - extended, loose
24
Q
What surrounds the nucleolus
A
Heterochromatin
25
Nucleolus functions in RNA synthesis
1. Synthesis of ribosomes
2. Cell cycle
3. Cellular aging
26
2 components of the nucleolus seen under an EM
1. Fibrillar component
| 2. Granular component
27
What organizes the chromatin
Nuclear envelope
28
What kind of membrane does the nuclear envelope have
Double membrane - outer continuous with RER
29
What enters a nuclear pore complex
transcription factors, histones, lamins, ribosomal proteins
30
What exits a nuclear pore complex
mRNA, tRNA, pre-ribosomes
31
Structure of the nuclear pore complex
2 coaxial rings, 8 subunits per ring
32
Some kind of classification of cytoplasmic organelles
® Protein factory – ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum,
Golgi complex, secretory granules
® Power plant – mitochondria, peroxisomes
® Garbage disposal – lysosomes
® Miscellaneous – smooth ER, centrioles
33
Non-membranous proteins
Ribsomes, proteosomes
34
Components of ribosomes
rRNA + ribosomal proteins (2 subunits)
35
Ribosomes free from RER
cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, peroxisomes
36
Ribosomes in the RER
secretory (export), lysosomal, Golgi, RER, cell membrane, nuclear envelope
37
Structure of the RER
® Flattened saccules (=cisternae)
® Studded with ribosomes
® Intimately associated with the outer nuclear membrane
38
Functions of RER
1. Protein synthesis
| 2. Modify newly synthesized proteins
39
Area of the cytoplasm that stains prominently with basic dye
Ergastoplasm
40
Irregular clumps of RER
Nissil Bodies
41
Difference between the structure of RER and SER
SER is without ribosomes
42
Functions of the SER
® Synthesis of steroid hormones (testis, adrenal cortex)
® Synthesis of glycogen, cholesterol, and lipoproteins (liver) ® Detoxification of drugs and alcohol (liver)
® Storage of calcium (muscle)
43
Golgi complex structure
Multiple flattened cisternae
44
Faces of the golgi complex
Entrance: Cis-face - convex outer
Exit: Trans-face - concave inner
45
Best way to see the golgi bodies
Negative golgi image
46
Small organelles of variable structure with digestive enzymes
Lysosomes
47
How many hydrolases does a lysosome contain
> 40
48
Digestion of phagocytosed material
Heterophagy
49
Digestion of damaged organelles
Autophagy
50
Lysosomes in neutrophils
Azurophilic granules
51
Appearance of azurophilic granules
purplish specks in the cytoplasm
52
Complex that destroys misfolded or ubiquitin-labeled proteins
Proteasome complex
53
Functions of mitochondria
1. Energy production
| 2. Stress detection - initiates apoptosis
54
Layers of the mitochondria's double membrane
1. Outer membrane
2. Intermembrane space
3. Inner membrane
4. Matrix
55
Smooth, sieve-like layer of the mitochondria's double membrane + contains many porins
Outer membrane
56
Contains enzymes for preliminary conversion of lipid substrates
Intermembrane space
57
Thing, sharply folded layer of the mitochondria's double membrane, contains ETC
Inner membrane
58
Contains enzymes for the Kreb;s cycvle and fatty acid oxidation
Matrix`
59
Temporary storage of cell metabolic products, with characteristic staining properties
Inclusions
60
Acidophilic, dark-staining climps in the cytoplasm
Secretory granules
61
Membrane-bound inclusion, storage form of glucose
Glycogen granules
62
Multiple small globules or big blob, storage form of triglyceride
Lipid droplets
63
Image of lipid droplets
Clear spaces, H&E can't bind
64
Yellow-brown by-product of lysosomes , wear-and-tear pigment
Lipofuscin granules
65
Highly dynamic network of protein filaments extending throughout the cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
66
What are the the three kinds of protein filaments (in order of decreasing diameter)
1. Microtubule (25 nm)
2. Intermediate filament (8-12 nm)
3. Microfilament (7 nm)
67
Functions of the cytoskeleton
1. Motility
2. Cell shape and stability
3. Intracellular organization
4. Cell migration
68
What protein filament moves organelles across the cytoplasm
Microtubules
69
Describe the structure of microtubules
Rigid hollow tubes made up of α and β tubulin subunits
70
What are the functions of microtubules
1. Maintain cell shape, resist compression
| 2. Facilitate movement of cilia and flagella, organelles and their derivatives, chromosomes during mitotis
71
Where do microtubules originate from
Microtubule-Organizing Centers - contain 2 centrioles at a right angle
72
Describe the structure of a centriole
Hollow cylindrical structures made up of nine triplet microtubules attached via arms and arranged in a pinwheel pattern
73
What protein filament is made up of a double chain of actin subunits in a helix?
Microfilaments
74
What are the functions of microfilaments
1. Structural support, bears tension
2. Facilitates muscle contraction (with myosin)
3. Amoeboid movement
4. Cleavage furrow formation
75
What surface modification is made up of microfilaments?
Microvilli / stereocilla
76
Where are actin filaments most concentrated?
Cortex, beneath the plasma membrane
77
Which protein filaments are dynamic with net growth occurring on one end?
Microtubules, microfilaments
*intermediate filaments are non-dynamic, non-polar
78
What is the stable, rope-like protein filament?
Intermediate filaments
79
What do you call intermediate filaments in connective tissue?
Vimentin
80
What do you call intermediate filaments in muscle tissue?
Desmin
81
What do you call intermediate filaments in epithelial tissue?
Keratin
82
What do you call intermediate filaments in nervous tissue?
Neurofilaments
83
Functions of intermediate filaments
® Mechanical strength
® Support meshwork which lines the interior of the nuclear envelope (nuclear lamina)
® Cell-to-cell junctions to strengthen epithelial layers
84
What basic type of tissue has closely packed, polyhedral cells and scant ECM?
Epithelium
85
What basic type of tissue has few, far apart cells and abundant ECM?
Connective Tissue (Bone and Cartilage)
86
What basic type of tissue has few, floating cells and liquid ECM?
Blood
87
What basic type of tissue has elongated, contractile cells and moderate ECM?
Muscles
88
What basic type of tissue has intertwining, elongated cells and no ECM?
Nerves
