Training Adaptations Part 1 structural and functional adaptions to training

Question 1

factors that modify human strength

Answer 1

PA
muscle mass
genetics
nutritional status
endocrine influences
nervous system activation
environmental factors

Question 2

skeletal muscle adaptation

Answer 2

• nucleus of muscle fibers (cells) contain deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
• DNA contains genetic material that encodes the proteins that are to be made in the cell
  -many changes (adaptations) that occur within the muscle occurs at the level of the genes
  -ribonucleic acid is a molecule that transcribes (copies) a portion of DNA and takes it out of the nucleus for protein synthesis

Question 3

transcription

Answer 3

mRNA copies a message from DNA

Question 4

translation

Answer 4

amino acids match up with mRNA

Question 5

muscle cell modelling

Answer 5

exercise activates a gene sequence on DNA
mRNA copies a message from DNA
transcription
mRNA leaves the nucleus
amino acids match up with RNA
translation
a protein is degraded

Question 6

genotype

Answer 6

describes your type of genes

Question 7

phenotype

Answer 7

describes the outward appearance of muscle
(usually reflect genotype)

Question 8

protein degradation see slide

Question 9

overview (how translation, transcription)

Answer 9

genes activated, in turn activate transcription and translation of messenger RNA and stimulate protein synthesis
- particularly the protein filaments (if talking about muscle)

Question 10

protein degradation overview

Answer 10

protein synthesis
myofibrils (actin and myosin )
thicken and increase in sarcomere #

Question 11

responses of satellite cells to resistance training
proliferation
differentiation

Answer 11

multiplication from one to many cells=proliferation
development of a cell = differentiation

both will occur to satellite cells with resistance training

Question 12

resistance training
_______ the number of satellite cells and myonuclei

Answer 12

increases

Question 13

resistance training
Satellite cells are incorporated into the muscle fiber as ______

Answer 13

new myonuclei

Question 14

resistance training
new myonuclei results in increased __________

Answer 14

protein synthesis

Question 15

responders vs non-responders to resistance training

Answer 15

people who has great number of satellite before a resistance training program had greater muscle hypertrophy after the program

Question 16

myogenic regulatory factors
MRFs

Answer 16

these are proteins known as “transcription” factors
they turn on transcription
they are involved with satellite cell activation
they are increased with resistance training

Question 17

myostatin

Answer 17

a protein that halts satellite cell activation

Question 18

absence of myostatin

Answer 18

increase protein

larger and stronger

Question 19

myostatin is found to _____- with resistance training

Answer 19

decrease

Question 20

therapeutic use of myostatin

Answer 20

potential use for diseases characterized by significant muscle wasting
- review of studies on myostatin blocking suggest research still very much in development stages

Question 21

supplements

Answer 21

buyer beware

-creatine monohydrate
-leucine
-glutamate

Question 22

protein turnover

Answer 22

-cycle of synthesis and degradation
-types of proteins important for exercise

Question 23

protein turnover
types of proteins important for exercise

Answer 23

contractile proteins
regulatory Proteins
mitochondrial proteins
enzymes

Question 24

true or false
mRNA translates info from DNA to combine with amino acids through the process of transcription

Answer 24

false

Question 25

true or false satellite cells increase in response to resistance response to resistance training and become myonuclei

Answer 25

true

Question 26

true or false an abundance of myostatin allows for excessive muscle growth

Answer 26

false

Question 27

what specialized cells are activated with exercise training to increase the number of nuclei in muscle fibers?

Answer 27

satellite cells

Question 28

what types of protein can these new nuclei produce in response to endurance training

Answer 28

mitochondrial protein, oxidative enzymes

Question 29

what types of protein can these new nuclei produce in response to strength training

Question 30

muscular adaptations with aerobic endurance training

Answer 30

increases in mitochondrial protein mitochondrial protein = oxidative enzymes

Question 31

enzymes in the mitochondria

Answer 31

carbohydrates, fats, proteins, = lots of energy (ATP) oxidative enzymes: slow but efficient

Question 32

oxygen transport improves increase in capillarization

Answer 32

increased capillary density = # of capillaries/fiber area capillaries: deliver blood which contains oxygen hemoglobin: oxygen carrier in the blood Myoglobin: oxygen carrier in the muscle

Question 33

oxygen transport improves increase # of mitochondria

Answer 33

increase mitochondrial density site of oxygen utilization in the muscle

Question 34

effects of increased capillarization

Answer 34

as capillaries increase in number, the velocity of blood flowing past the muscle decreases this allows a grater diffusion of oxygen from hemoglobin in blood to the muscle cell in the muscle cell (fiber) oxygen is carried by myoglobin to the mitochondria in the mitochondria, oxygen is used to breakdown fats, carbohydrates and proteins for fuel

Question 35

increased oxygen utilization

Answer 35

more oxygen to muscles= more ATP from aerobic metabolism max VO2= indicator of aerobic fitness - the more O2 utilized the greater level fitness

Question 36

factors that modify the expression of human strength neural factors include:

Answer 36

more efficient neural recruitment patterns increased CNS activation improved motor unit coordination lowered neural inhibitory reflexes inhibition of GTO neural accounts for most initial strength gains

Question 37

factors modifying strength overview muscular changes include increases in

Answer 37

- muscle size = hypertrophy -enzymes phosphofructokinase (PFK), creatine and myokinase -resting levels of ATP and phosphocreatine -strength of tendons and ligaments -bone mineral content

Question 38

factors modifying strength overview muscular changes include decreases in

Answer 38

% body fat mitochondria density

Question 39

what is the difference between hyperplasia and hypertrophy

Answer 39

Hyperplasia = more cells hypertrophy= larger muscle cells

Question 40

which one is more likely to occur with resistance training with regards to skeletal muscle fibers

Answer 40

increase in size (hypertrophy)

Question 41

which skeletal muscle fibers are most likely to respond to resistance training with an increase in size

Answer 41

Type II are most likely You will get it in both, but type II have increased potential for hypertrophy

Question 42

adaptations to resiatcne training

Answer 42

hyperplasia: an increase in the number of cells (muscle fibers) hypertrophy: an increase in the size of cells (muscle fibers hypertrophy is more likely to occur with resistance training

Question 43

evidence of hyperplasia

Answer 43

some in animal studies (cats, birds) humans studies - autopsies CSA of individual fibers of body builders anabolic steroids genetics

Question 44

estimated muscle fiber number study of bodybuilder vs. non-bodybuilder

Answer 44

-no difference in estimated muscle fiber number -larger muscles in body builders was due to larger muscle fibers (hypertrophy)

Question 45

estimated muscle fiber number

Answer 45

-estimation of muscle fiber number before and after a few months of resistance training -no change in estimated fiber number there was a significant increase in muscles fiber size (hypertrophy)

Question 46

adaptations to resistance training (continued) both ______ show hypertrophy with strength training ________ have greater potential for hypertrophy than _________

Answer 46

muscle fiber hypertrophy (increase in size) type I and type II fibers type II type I

Question 47

adaptations to restiance training programs

Answer 47

see slide

Question 48

fiber type shifting in resistance training

Answer 48

type IIX to type IIa no shift between type 1 and type 2 (from training)

Question 49

why is there a shift to a "slower" type (resistance training)

Answer 49

this may allow more economical cross bridge cycling cross-bridges cycle at a slower rate to allow increase force of contraction remember force velocity curve

Question 50

shift with training fast glycolytic (Iix) to Fast oxidative glycolytic (IIa)

Answer 50

FG - less mitochondria -less capillaries -less myoglobin FOG - more mitochondria -more capillaries -more myoglobin