review questions

Question 1

why is the whippet so oversized

Answer 1

He has a myostatin deficicency . Myostatin halts satellite cells and thereby controls muscle hypertrophy. myonucleillite cells go unchecked, they continue to multiply, become new myonuclei which results in increased protein synthesis (muscle hypertrophy)

Question 2

unlike most types of cells muscle fibers contain many of these

Answer 2

nucleus

Question 3

“building blocks of protein”

Answer 3

amino acids

Question 4

copying part of a strand of DNA

Answer 4

transcription

Question 5

a molecule that encodes your genes

Answer 5

DNA

Question 6

making protein from a message from your nucleus

Answer 6

translation

Question 7

the molecule that delivers this message

Answer 7

mRNA

Question 8

events in protein synthesis in order

Answer 8

exercise activates a gene sequence on DNA

mRNA copies a message from DNA

Transcription

mRNA leaves the nucleus

amino acids match up with mRNA

translation

phenotype is changed

a protein is degraded

Question 9

what type of protein is synthesized from
strength training

Answer 9

contractile

Question 10

what type of protein is synthesized in
endurance training

Answer 10

mitochondria = oxidative enzymes

Question 11

true or false
as one ages the decrease in muscle fiber area is greater than the decrease in muscle fiber #

Answer 11

false
decreases fiber area 20-30% fiber # decrease 48%

Question 12

true or false
slow twitch muscle fiber area decreases with age

Answer 12

false
slow twitch maintains

Question 13

true or false
fast twitch muscle fiber area decrease with age

Answer 13

false
starts decreasing at age 15

Question 14

true or false
fibre # dont start decreasing until approx 20-25 years of age

Answer 14

false
start decreasing at age 15

Question 15

true or false
fiber area shows most decline after the age of 70

Answer 15

true

Question 16

which type of muscle contraction can generate the most force
eccentric
concentric
isometric

Answer 16

eccentric

Question 17

isokinetic

Answer 17

constant velocity

Question 18

isotonic

Answer 18

constant force

Question 19

concentric

Answer 19

contraction where muscle shortens

Question 20

eccentric

Answer 20

contraction type important for sport training

Question 21

isometric

Answer 21

constant muscle length
contraction type used to perform the iron cross hold on the gymnastics rings

Question 22

training by overloading your muscle during eccentric contractions is very beneficial for building muscle strength
and mass

what is one side effect that beginners may experience when training with eccentric contractions?

Answer 22

DOMS- delayed onset muscle soreness

Question 23

weight training is a form of “isotonic” or “isokinetic” training

Answer 23

isotonic

Question 24

type of contraction
lifting phase of a weight training exercise

Answer 24

concentric

Question 25

type of contraction lowering phase of a weight training exercise

Answer 25

eccentric

Question 26

type of contraction stabilizing muscle groups in weight training exercises

Answer 26

isometric

Question 27

a football team has a practice on Thursday and a games scheduled for Saturday. at the end of the Thursday practice the coach has the players run up and down a steep hill (40 meters) 10 times (a drill they have never down before). what training error has the coach made? fully explain answer

Answer 27

Downhill running is eccentric - if never done this before it causes DOMS 24-48 hours after

Question 28

shift with training FG (fast glycolytic) mitochondria capillaries myoglobin

Answer 28

less for all

Question 29

shift with training FOG (fast oxidative glycolytic) mitochondria capillaries myoglobin

Answer 29

more for all

Question 30

high load/ low rep training capillary to fiber ratio and mitochondrial number ________ fibre area_ _________ capillary and mitochondrial density __________

Answer 30

stays the same increases decreases

Question 31

moderate load/ higher rep capillary to fiber ratio and mitochondrial #------------- fiber area __________ capillary and mitochondrial density __________

Answer 31

increase increase stays the same

Question 32

what does increased capillarization result in

Answer 32

As capillaries increase in number, the velocity of blood flowing past the muscle decreases This allows a greater diffusion of oxygen from hemoglobin in blood to the muscle cell

Question 33

the 7 training principles

Answer 33

Specificity Progressive overload Stress-rest symmetry Contraction-control ceiling principle variety

Question 34

measurement of strength __________ is the linear measurement of strength ____________ is the angular measurement of strength

Answer 34

force torque

Question 35

flexibility please put these three types of joints in order of least to most flexible and give an example of each ball and socket hinge elliptical

Answer 35

least = hinge joint (knee) int. - elliptical joint (wrist) most= ball and socket (hip)

Question 36

limits to flexibility

Answer 36

Jt structure elasticity and length nervous system

Question 37

true or false neural factors include more efficient neural recruitments

Answer 37

true

Question 38

true or false neural factors include more decreased CNS activation

Answer 38

fasle

Question 39

true or false neural factors include more improved motor unit coordination

Answer 39

true

Question 40

true or false neural factors include more lowered neural inhibitory reflexes

Answer 40

true

Question 41

true or false neural factors include more excitation of GTO

Answer 41

false

Question 42

increase in number of muscle fibers is

Answer 42

hyperplasia

Question 43

increase in size of fiber area is

Answer 43

hypertrophy

Question 44

can hyperplasia and hypertrophy both occur in humans

Answer 44

yes

Question 45

strength training in humans result primarily in

Answer 45

hypertrophy

Question 46

the training in which mesocyclone most closely mimics the sport __________

Answer 46

competition phase

Question 47

the training in which mesocycle is often termed active recovery________

Answer 47

second transition phase