review questions Flashcards
why is the whippet so oversized
He has a myostatin deficicency . Myostatin halts satellite cells and thereby controls muscle hypertrophy. myonucleillite cells go unchecked, they continue to multiply, become new myonuclei which results in increased protein synthesis (muscle hypertrophy)
unlike most types of cells muscle fibers contain many of these
nucleus
“building blocks of protein”
amino acids
copying part of a strand of DNA
transcription
a molecule that encodes your genes
DNA
making protein from a message from your nucleus
translation
the molecule that delivers this message
mRNA
events in protein synthesis in order
exercise activates a gene sequence on DNA
mRNA copies a message from DNA
Transcription
mRNA leaves the nucleus
amino acids match up with mRNA
translation
phenotype is changed
a protein is degraded
what type of protein is synthesized from
strength training
contractile
what type of protein is synthesized in
endurance training
mitochondria = oxidative enzymes
true or false
as one ages the decrease in muscle fiber area is greater than the decrease in muscle fiber #
false
decreases fiber area 20-30% fiber # decrease 48%
true or false
slow twitch muscle fiber area decreases with age
false
slow twitch maintains
true or false
fast twitch muscle fiber area decrease with age
false
starts decreasing at age 15
true or false
fibre # dont start decreasing until approx 20-25 years of age
false
start decreasing at age 15
true or false
fiber area shows most decline after the age of 70
true
which type of muscle contraction can generate the most force
eccentric
concentric
isometric
eccentric
isokinetic
constant velocity
isotonic
constant force
concentric
contraction where muscle shortens
eccentric
contraction type important for sport training
isometric
constant muscle length
contraction type used to perform the iron cross hold on the gymnastics rings
training by overloading your muscle during eccentric contractions is very beneficial for building muscle strength
and mass
what is one side effect that beginners may experience when training with eccentric contractions?
DOMS- delayed onset muscle soreness
weight training is a form of “isotonic” or “isokinetic” training
isotonic
type of contraction
lifting phase of a weight training exercise
concentric
type of contraction
lowering phase of a weight training exercise
eccentric
type of contraction
stabilizing muscle groups in weight training exercises
isometric
a football team has a practice on Thursday and a games scheduled for Saturday. at the end of the Thursday practice the coach has the players run up and down a steep hill (40 meters) 10 times (a drill they have never down before). what training error has the coach made? fully explain answer
Downhill running is eccentric - if never done this before it causes DOMS 24-48 hours after
shift with training FG (fast glycolytic)
mitochondria
capillaries
myoglobin
less for all
shift with training FOG (fast oxidative glycolytic)
mitochondria
capillaries
myoglobin
more for all
high load/ low rep training
capillary to fiber ratio and mitochondrial number ________
fibre area_ _________
capillary and mitochondrial density __________
stays the same
increases
decreases
moderate load/ higher rep
capillary to fiber ratio and mitochondrial #————-
fiber area __________
capillary and mitochondrial density __________
increase
increase
stays the same
what does increased capillarization result in
As capillaries increase in number, the velocity of blood flowing past the muscle decreases
This allows a greater diffusion of oxygen from hemoglobin in blood to the muscle cell
the 7 training principles
Specificity
Progressive overload
Stress-rest
symmetry
Contraction-control
ceiling principle
variety
measurement of strength
__________ is the linear measurement of strength
____________ is the angular measurement of strength
force
torque
flexibility
please put these three types of joints in order of least to most flexible and give an example of each
ball and socket
hinge
elliptical
least = hinge joint (knee)
int. - elliptical joint (wrist)
most= ball and socket (hip)
limits to flexibility
Jt structure
elasticity and length
nervous system
true or false
neural factors include more efficient neural recruitments
true
true or false
neural factors include more decreased CNS activation
fasle
true or false
neural factors include more improved motor unit coordination
true
true or false
neural factors include more lowered neural inhibitory reflexes
true
true or false
neural factors include more excitation of GTO
false
increase in number of muscle fibers is
hyperplasia
increase in size of fiber area is
hypertrophy
can hyperplasia and hypertrophy both occur in humans
yes
strength training in humans result primarily in
hypertrophy
the training in which mesocyclone most closely mimics the sport __________
competition phase
the training in which mesocycle is often termed active recovery________
second transition phase
