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KIN 225 > intro to bioenergetics > Flashcards

intro to bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed but only transforms from one form to another without being depleted

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2
Q

bioenergetics

A

flow and energy exchange within a living system

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3
Q

energy conversion example
photosynthesis

A

endergonic process
solar energy transferred to potential energy in carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

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4
Q

energy conversion example
cellular respiration

A

exergonic process
stored energy in plants couples to chemical compounds for biologic work

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5
Q

biologic work in humans
three forms

A

chemical- biosynthesis of cellular molecules
mechanical-muscle contraction
transport- transfer of substance among cells

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6
Q

types of reactions endergonic (endothermic)

A

energy requiring reaction
absorb heat or energy
ADP + Pi + energy = ATP

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7
Q

types of reactions exergonic (exothermic)

A

energy-yeilding reaction
release energy or heat
ATP = ADP + Pi + energy

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8
Q

metabolism

A

the Toal of all energy transformation that occur in the body

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9
Q

ATP

A

stored chemical energy that links the energy-yeilding (exergonic) and energy requiring (endergonic) functions within all cells

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10
Q

hydrolysis

A

digest or degrade complex carbohydrate, lipid and protien molecules into simpler forms the body absorbs and assimilates
-splits chemical bonds by adding H+ and OH- to the reaction

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11
Q

condensation

A

structural components of nutrients bind together to from more complex molecules and compounds

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12
Q

hydrolysis example

A

sucrose splits (using H2O) into glucose and fructose
dipeptide into 2 amino acids

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13
Q

condensation example

A

two glucose split (H2O is released) into maltose
2 amino acid into dipeptide

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14
Q

a reaction where energy is liberated

A

exergonic

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15
Q

a reaction where heat is absorbed

A

endergonic

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16
Q

formation of glycogen from glucose

A

endergonic

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17
Q

breakdown of ATP

A

exergonic

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18
Q

formation of proteins from amino acids

A

endergonic

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19
Q

oxidation and reduction

A

reactions transfer oxygen atoms, hydrogen atoms or electrons

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20
Q

types of reactions
oxidation (LEO)

A

result in loss of electrons

21
Q

types of reactions
reduction (GER)

A

results in gain of electrons

22
Q

if one substrate is losing electrons, the other is gaining and thus it is a _________ reaction

A

coupled

23
Q

how to recognize enzymes

A

typically end with suffix are
ATP hydrolysis - ATPase
lactate hydrolysis - lactase

24
Q

what are enzymes

A

specialized proteins
substrate
not consumed or altered

25
Q

enzymes
what do they do

A

act as a biological catalysts
make a reaction more likely

26
Q

how do enzymes work

A

interact with the reactants of a chemical reaction
reduce activation energy

27
Q

enzyme kinetics
what happens to the rate of a chemical reaction as substrate concentration is increased?

A

rate will not be affected by the concentration

28
Q

enzyme kinetics
what happens to the rate of a chemical reaction as enzyme concentration is increased

A

the reaction will occur at a faster rate

29
Q

enzymes
lock and key mechanism

A

an enzyme combines with substrate to form and enzyme-substrate complex
converts to an enzyme-intermediate complex
converts to an enzyme product complex
disassociates into product + enzyme
enzyme in unchanged

30
Q

enzymes ____________ by binding to the reactant molecules and bringing them into the best position to react with each other

A

lower the energy of activation

31
Q

lock and key mechanism
enzyme-substrate interaction

A

enzymes turns on when its active site joins in a “perfect fit” with the substrates active site

ensures that the correct enzyme matches with its specific substrate to perform a particular function

32
Q

co-enzymes

A

non-protein organic substances (iron, zinc, B-vitamins)
carrier job- intermediary products NAD+
activate otherwise dormant enzymes
assist the enzyme by binding substrate to the enzyme

33
Q

modulators

A

a molecule that binds to an enzyme at a place other than the active site
regulates the enzyme activity by affecting the enzymes shape or configuration

allosterism: the fact that the modulator causes a change in shape of the enzyme
allosteric modulators can be postive or negative

34
Q

positive modulator

A

active/stimulator
-increase activity of an enzyme

35
Q

negative modulator

A

inhibitor
-decreases activity of an enzyme

36
Q

oxidation

A

loss of electrons
transfer of
oxygen
hydrogen
electrons

37
Q

reduction

A

gain of electrons (GER)

38
Q

redox reactions

A

coupled reactions of oxidation and reduction, one substance losing electrons, the other gaining

39
Q

measuring energy release

A

oxygen consumption is used to measure energy utilization in humans

oxygen is required for complete combustion of food
metabolism requires oxidation of food
the rate of metabolism is measured by determined the volume of oxygen consumed
max VO2

40
Q

energy absorbing reaction

A

endergonic

41
Q

energy releasing reaction

A

exergonic

42
Q

chemical reaction where a substance is split into simpler compounds by the edition of water

A

hydrolysis

43
Q

formation of more complex compounds from simpler compounds, water molecules released

A

condensation

44
Q

addition of a phosphate (ADP+P= ATP)

A

phosphorylation

45
Q

process by which cells transfer energy from food to ATP

A

cellular respiration

46
Q

loss of electrons by a substance

A

oxidation

47
Q

gain of electrons by a substance

A

reduction

48
Q

coupled oxidation and reduction- one substance losing electrons the other gaining

A

redox

49
Q
A

KIN 225 (10 decks)

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