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KIN 225 > midterm review > Flashcards

midterm review Flashcards

1
Q

proteins found in a sarcomere

A

actin
myosin
ATPase
troponin
tropomyosin

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2
Q

proteins involved in muscle contraction

A

actin
myosin
ATPase
troponin
tropomyosin

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3
Q

proteins that can prevent muscle contraction

A

troponin
tropomyosin

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4
Q

fastest contracting fiber type

A

type Iix fiber

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5
Q

energy currency of a cell

A

ATP

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6
Q

enzyme involved in a muscle contraction

A

ATPase

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7
Q

which of the following is the smallest structure
a) muscle fiber
b) myosin
c) myofibril
d) sarcomere

A

myosin

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8
Q

an enzyme:
a) is a protein
b) is a molecule that increases the rate of chemical reactions
c) could change its level following
d) all of the above

A

d) all of the above

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9
Q

what suffix is commonly use to describe an enzyme

A

ase

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10
Q

using this suffix name the enzyme that is involved in the reaction where ATP is broken down for energy

A

ATPase

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11
Q

which protein interacts with myosin during muscle contraction

A

actin

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12
Q

which 2 proteins are involved in the blocking of myosin to prevent muscle contraction

A

troponin
tropomyosin

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13
Q

see diagrams

A
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14
Q

true or false
there are three main fiber types: fast (Iix), intermediate (IIa) and slow (I)

A

true

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15
Q

true or false
the fiber types an individual posses is determined by genetics and cannot be changed

A

false

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16
Q

true or false
Type I fibers are the fastest contracting fibers in humans

A

false

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17
Q

true or false
strength training leads to a conversion of slow fibers to fast fibers

A

false

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18
Q

types of myosin heavy chains
list from fastest to slowest contracting
type I
type Iix
type IIa

A

Type IIx
type IIa
type I

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19
Q

put in order from largest to smallest
-sarcomeres
-myofibrils
-whole muscle
-muscel fasicle
- actin and myosin
-muscle fibers
-myoisn heavy chains

A

Whole muscle
muscle fascicles
Muscle fibers
myofibirls
actin, myosin
myosin heavy chains

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20
Q

what are considered contractile proteins

A

actin and myosin

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21
Q

what are considered regulatory proteins

A

troponin and tropomyosin

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22
Q

which protien binds calcium

A

troponin

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23
Q

what is bordered by z discs

A

sarcomere

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24
Q

what protein blocks binding sites on actin

A

tropomyosin

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25
Q

what protein controls speed of contraction

A

ATPase

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26
Q

after muscle contracts, what ion must be removed from the cytoplasm of your muscle cells before muscle relaxation can occur

A

calcium

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27
Q

put in following steps in the process of contraction in proper order
-myosin binds to actin
-muscle relaxes
-calcium binds to troponin
-ATP broken down
-dissociation of actin and myosin
-calcium is removed from troponin
-troponin lifts off tropomyosin off actin

A

calcium binds to troponin
troponin lifts tropomyosin off actin
myosin binds to actin
ATP broken down
dissociation of actin and myosin

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28
Q

with which type of muscle contraction can you generate the most force

A

eccentric

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29
Q

which of the following shortens during a muscle contraction
sarcomere, myosin, actin

A

sarcomere

30
Q

where is the enzyme ATPase found in skeletal muscle

A

myosin head
sarcoplasmic reticulum
mitochondria

31
Q

how does ability to generate muscular force changes as velocity of concentration increases?

A

As velocity increases the ability to generate muscle force decreases, actin and myosin don’t from cross bridges as efficiently at faster speeds.

32
Q

which fiber type has
high ATPase
fast-fatiguability

A

Type IIX

33
Q

which fibre type has
low ATPase
slow twitch

A

Type I

34
Q

which fiber type has
fast fatigue resistant

A

type IIA

35
Q

see diagram

A
36
Q

what is force summation and what causes it

A

Before a muscle relaxes from a contraction, if another electrical signal is applied once increased to a higher level
What causes it
* this is due to increased release of calcium from the SR
* the calcium will bind more troponin, lifting tropomyosin allowing more myosin actin cross bridges

37
Q

what is tetanus and what causes it

A

Force will only summate up to a maximal level with receptive stimulation

This maximal level is reaches one all their for calcium on troponin have been occupied therefore no more cars bridges can occur

38
Q

classification baed on myosin heavy chain chains (ATPase activity)

A

type I
type IIA
type IIX

39
Q

classification based on metabolic properties

A

slow oxidative
fast glycolytic

40
Q

describe how motor unit recruitment (recruitment of fast or slow twitch or intermediate motor units) would change as one goes from a duo walk to a jog to a sprint

A

Recruitment type 1 slow twitch during walk, as intensity increases recruit more and more fast twitch

41
Q

which receptor, when activated causes reflex contraction of muscle ?

A

muscle spindle

42
Q

which receptor when activated causes inhibition of contraction?

A

Golgi tendon organ

43
Q

which receptor do you think causes inhibition if antagonistic musculastrucnture

A

muscle spindle

44
Q

which receptor do you think causes activation of antagonistic musculastructure (if the receptor in the quadriceps is activated, it would cause activation of the hamstrings)

A

Golgi tendon organ

45
Q

reflex contraction of a muscle after spindle activation

A

efferent

46
Q

voluntary contraction of your biceps by recruitment of motor neurons in the spinal cord

A

efferent

47
Q

your eyes transmit a signal to your brain about the position of a soccer ball

A

afferent

48
Q

vestibular (inner ear) sensors send a message to your brain to correct your balance

A

afferent

49
Q

a motor neuron recieven 10 excitatory impulses form one other neruon over the time period of 2 milliseconds

A

temporal summation

50
Q

another motor neuron receives one excitatory impulse from each of 5 different neurons

A

spatial summation

51
Q

true or false
a motor unit has only one motor neuron but many muscle fibers

A

true

52
Q

true or false
a motor unit can have a mixture of slow twitch and fast twitch muscle fibers

A

false

53
Q

true or false
when a motor neruon, is activated only a portion of the muscle fibers in that motor unit will contract if low intensity exercise is being performed

A

false
all or none

54
Q

true or false
motor units in different muscles throughout the body are the same size

A

false
Some are big for grow movement others are small for fine movement

55
Q

motor neuron, motor pool and motor unit

A
55
Q
A
56
Q

where calcium is stored

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

57
Q

influx/efflux of these cause change in membrane potential

A

sodium and potassium

58
Q

transmit AP from neuron to muscle fiber

A

transerve tubule

59
Q

nerve cells connected to muscles fibers

A

motor neurons

60
Q

part of the brain where voluntary contraction originates

A

motor cortex

61
Q

excites membrane and changes permeability

A

acetylcholine

62
Q

covered by a myelin sheaf

A

axons

63
Q

a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that are connected to it

A

motor unit

64
Q

fast twitch muscle fibers require a higher frequency electrical input to reach tetanus compared to slow bewitch fibers. why is this so?

A

Because they relax faster

65
Q

membrane potential changes from -70 to -90 mV

A

hyper polarize

66
Q

membrane potential changes from -70 to -50
-80 to -70

A

depolarize

67
Q

membrane potential changes from +40 to -60mV

A

re-polarize

68
Q

if someone trains just one limb for a period of time, but also sees an increase in strength in the opposite (untrained limb) this natural phenomena is called?

A

cross-education
mechanisms:
(recruiting ipsilateral pathways, ceiling effect,

69
Q

the neural phenomenon of the sum strength of two unilateral limbs being greater than when both limbs are used simultaneously is called

A

bilateral deficit
mechanisms
(trunk stability, more stable with more joints
train bilaterally you can improve bilateral movement and decrease bilateral deficit
inter hemisphere inhibition )

70
Q

largest to smallest
muscle
fascicle
muscle cell (muscle fiber)
myofibril
myofilaments

A
71
Q

write out the steps of excitation contraction coupling, up to and including relaxation of the muscle

A
  1. Impulse is received, calcium causes sac like
    Vesicles in the axon terminal release ACh. Ach diffuses across synaptic Cleft, attach to receptors in sarcolemma, changes membrane permeability
  2. If at threshold, AP depolarizes T-tubule
  3. Depolarization of T-tubule
    causes Ca2+ to be released from SR
  4. Ca2+ binds to troponin and tropo-
    myosin, allowing myosin & actin to combine
  5. Actin combines with myosin, ATPase is Activated to split ATP = energy
  6. Sliding of actin and myosin, cross-bridge detaches from actin
  7. Continued new cross-bridge action occurs if Ca2+remains high (membrane depolarization inhibits action of troponin- tropomyosin complex)
  8. Muscle stimulation stops, Ca2+ moves back into SR
  9. Removal of Ca2+ reinstates troponin- tropomyosin inhibitory action, actin and myosin stay in relaxed state (disassociated)

KIN 225 (10 decks)

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