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A Level History > Trade Unions > Flashcards

Trade Unions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key themes concerning trade union and labour rights during the period 1865-1992?

A
  • Membership
  • Welfare and working conditions
  • Right to exist or bargain
  • Union power
  • Federal intervention
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2
Q

What can membership be defined as in relation to this topic?

A

How many people are union members during

different periods and the reasons why

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3
Q

What can welfare and working conditions be defined as in relation to this topic?

A

Access to sick pay, pensions, reasonable working

hours and health and safety practices

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4
Q

What can the right to exist or bargain be defined as in relation to this topic?

A

The legal power behind the unions to represent

their members

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5
Q

What can union power be defined as in relation to this topic?

A

Impact of industrial action

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6
Q

What can federal intervention be defined as in relation to this topic?

A

Types of government intervention in trade union activity

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7
Q

What are the factors that help and hinder trade union and labour rights during the period 1865-1992?

A
  • Trade union divisions
  • Presidents
  • Supreme Court
  • Employers
  • Economic change
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8
Q

What are trade union divisions in relation to this topic?

A

Splits in representation of the workers

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9
Q

Why are Presidents relevant to this topic?

A

The president is often constrained by the views of

Congress and are responsible for passing laws and amendments to the constitution

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10
Q

Why is the Supreme Court relevant to this topic?

A

Cases are ruled on by the Supreme Court, known by the judgement e.g. Lochner vs. New York

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11
Q

Why are employers relevant to this topic?

A

Attitudes towards the workers and their impact on

working conditions

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12
Q

What is economic change in relation to this topic?

A

Periods of both economic boom and bust

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13
Q

What are the key turning points for the development of trade union and labour rights during the period 1865-1992?

A
  • Gilded Age (1875-1895)
  • World War (1914-18 + 1939-45)
  • New Deal (1933-36)
  • 1960’s
  • 1980’s
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14
Q

Why was the Gilded Age a major turning point?

A

Industrial expansion and influx of migrants leads to

issues for the unions and harsh treatment by the government

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15
Q

Why were the World Wars major turning points?

A

Establishment of the National War Labour Boards leads

to union concessions

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16
Q

Why was the New Deal a major turning point?

A

The NIRA, NRA and Wagner Act give greater union power

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17
Q

Why were the 1960’s a significant turning point?

A

Cesar Chavez and farm workers shows rural power

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18
Q

Why were the 1980’s a significant turning point?

A

Reduction in union power as shown by PATCO strike

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19
Q

When were the Knights of Labour founded?

A

1869

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20
Q

When did Molly Maguires establish themselves?

A

1873

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21
Q

When was the Haymarket Affair and the American Federation of Labour founded?

A

1886

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22
Q

When was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?

A

1890

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23
Q

When was the Homestead strike?

A

1892

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24
Q

When was the Pullman strike?

A

1894

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25
When did Lochner vs New York take place?
1905
26
When was the Clayton Anti-Trust Act?
1914
27
When was the Brotherhood of the Sleeping Car Porters and Maids established?
1925
28
When were the NIRA and the NRA formed?
1933
29
When was the Wagner Act?
1935
30
When was the Congress of Industrial Organisations?
1937
31
When was the Taft-Hartley Act?
1947
32
When did the AFL and the CIO merge?
1955
33
When was the Occupational Safety and Health Act?
1970
34
When was the PATCO strike?
1981
35
Who were the Knights of Labour?
Developed post-1879 under leadership of Terence Powderley. Successful strike at Wabash Railroad but lost influence post Haymarket Affair of 1886.
36
Who were the Molly Maguires?
A group of Irish immigrant miners who violently | protested for better working conditions
37
Who were the American Federation of Labour?
Replaced the Knights of Labour in 1886. Attempted to | unite all unions, 2 million members by 1914.
38
What was the Haymarket Affair?
- May 1886, violence broke out between police and striking workers at the McCormick Harvester Plant in Chicago - Four workers killed when police opened fire - Following evening, a protest rally took place in Haymarket Square in the city - Bomb thrown killing seven policemen - Police retaliated by opening fire on crowd - Further four workers were killed - Blamed on German anarchists led by Johann Most and August Spies and eight were arrested
39
What was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?
Government intervention to restrict monopolies by which large companies were able to control trade. Went against usual policy but they were worried about control or stop of trade.
40
What was the Homestead strike?
- Occurred at the steel plant in Homestead, that was owned by Andrew Carnegie. - Happened because the management of the plant, led by Henry Frick, wanted to break the union at the plant so that they could reduce wages more easily.
41
What was the Pullman strike?
- Railroad strike due to the Pullman company cutting wages by a quarter as a result of economic depression. - Government made injunction stopping anyone interfering with mail movement. - Federal troops broke strike and Supreme Court issued Omnibus Indictment Act making strike illegal
42
What was the Lochner vs New York debate?
- Supreme Court continued to reject worker's rights | - Did not uphold legislation to limit hours worker by a baker as it was argued to be restriction in terms of employment
43
What was the Clayton Anti-Trust Act?
Limited use of injunctions to maintain production during WW1 and allowed peaceful picketing. Did not stop employers reducing wages.
44
Who were the Brotherhood of the Sleeping Car Porters and Maids?
Brotherhood of the Sleeping Car Porters union established in 1925, mainly African American.
45
What was the NIRA and who were the NRA?
National Industrial Recovery Act - assisted economic recovery during Great Depression by allowing the President to regulate industry for fair wages and prices that would stimulate economic recovery. National Recovery Administration - New Deal agency established by FDR with goal to bring industry, labour, and government together to create codes of "fair practices" and set prices
46
What was the Wagner Act?
Established the National Labour Relations Board and addressed relations between unions and employers in the private sector
47
Who were the Congress of Industrial Organisations?
Federation of unions that organised workers in industrial unions in the United States
48
What was the Taft-Hartley Act?
Law that restricts the activities and power of labour unions.
49
What was significant about the merger of the AFL and CIO?
Became a larger organisation as the CIO was a more radical version of the AFL
50
What was the Occupational Safety and Health Act?
Law passed in 1970 to encourage safer workplace conditions in the United States
51
What was the PATCO strike?
PATCO strike occurred because government wouldn’t allow air traffic controllers to be paid more for fewer hours. Strike was in contravention of 1955 Acts preventing government workers from striking.
52
Why was A. Phillip Randolph important for Trade Union and Labour Rights?
Led organised labour causes in 1920s to pressure | the govt.
53
Why was John Rockefeller important for Trade Union and Labour Rights?
US businessman who controlled 90% oil refineries and amassed a fortune of $1 billion by 1937.
54
Why was Andrew Carnegie important for Trade Union and Labour Rights?
Controlled 25% of US iron and steel production. He sold the company in 1901 for $250 million.
55
Why was Henry Frick important for Trade Union and Labour Rights?
US coal industry millionaire who entered a partnership with Carnegie. Sent in to break the Homestead strike.
56
Why was Samuel Gompers important for Trade Union and Labour Rights?
Leader of the AFL in the early 1900's, ensured acceptance of the union by employers.
57
Why was Henry Ford important for Trade Union and Labour Rights?
Set up the motor company, refused to recognise unions until 1941.
58
Why was Cesar Chavez important for Trade Union and Labour Rights?
Founded National Farm Workers Association and led the Salad Bowl strike in the 1970's.
59
Why was Grover Cleveland important for Trade Union and Labour Rights?
Sent troops in to break up the Pullman Strike.
60
Why was Woodrow Wilson important for Trade Union and Labour Rights?
Granted concessions during the war years.
61
Why was Franklin D. Roosevelt important for Trade Union and Labour Rights?
Introduced New Deal = significant progress.
62
Why was JFK important for Trade Union and Labour Rights?
‘New Frontier’ led to Equal Pay Act.
63
Why was Lyndon B. Johnson important for Trade Union and Labour Rights?
‘Great Society’ led to Civil Rights Act and further reform.
64
Why was Richard Nixon important for Trade Union and Labour Rights?
Brought in Occupational Safety and Health Act, 1970.
65
Why was Jimmy Carter important for Trade Union and Labour Rights?
Limited impact but did establish a minimum wage.
66
Why was Ronald Reagan important for Trade Union and Labour Rights?
Wanted to reduce the power of the unions.
67
Who were the Women's Trade Union League?
WTUL established in 1903 to encourage women to organise themselves into unions. Conflict with male unions due to their support for suffrage.
68
Who were the Industrial Workers of the World?
Known as the ‘Wobblies’ set up in 1905 with a reputation for violence and militancy. Supported rights of poor workers and immigrants. Declined post-1923.
69
What was the National War Labour Board?
Set up during wars to settle disputes between workers | and employers. No-strike agreement.
70
What was the National Mediation Board?
Established to regulate labour relations in the railway industry in 1920's.
71
Who were the United Farm Workers?
Established in 1972 after uniting several unions.
72
Who were PATCO?
Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organisation led 1981 strike.
73
What was the Omnibus Indictment Act?
Act brought in post Pullman Strike which banned general strike action

A Level History (19 decks)

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