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A Level History > Trade Unions > Flashcards

Trade Unions Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the key themes concerning trade union and labour rights during the period 1865-1992?

A
  • Membership
  • Welfare and working conditions
  • Right to exist or bargain
  • Union power
  • Federal intervention
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2
Q

What can membership be defined as in relation to this topic?

A

How many people are union members during

different periods and the reasons why

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3
Q

What can welfare and working conditions be defined as in relation to this topic?

A

Access to sick pay, pensions, reasonable working

hours and health and safety practices

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4
Q

What can the right to exist or bargain be defined as in relation to this topic?

A

The legal power behind the unions to represent

their members

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5
Q

What can union power be defined as in relation to this topic?

A

Impact of industrial action

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6
Q

What can federal intervention be defined as in relation to this topic?

A

Types of government intervention in trade union activity

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7
Q

What are the factors that help and hinder trade union and labour rights during the period 1865-1992?

A
  • Trade union divisions
  • Presidents
  • Supreme Court
  • Employers
  • Economic change
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8
Q

What are trade union divisions in relation to this topic?

A

Splits in representation of the workers

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9
Q

Why are Presidents relevant to this topic?

A

The president is often constrained by the views of

Congress and are responsible for passing laws and amendments to the constitution

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10
Q

Why is the Supreme Court relevant to this topic?

A

Cases are ruled on by the Supreme Court, known by the judgement e.g. Lochner vs. New York

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11
Q

Why are employers relevant to this topic?

A

Attitudes towards the workers and their impact on

working conditions

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12
Q

What is economic change in relation to this topic?

A

Periods of both economic boom and bust

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13
Q

What are the key turning points for the development of trade union and labour rights during the period 1865-1992?

A
  • Gilded Age (1875-1895)
  • World War (1914-18 + 1939-45)
  • New Deal (1933-36)
  • 1960’s
  • 1980’s
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14
Q

Why was the Gilded Age a major turning point?

A

Industrial expansion and influx of migrants leads to

issues for the unions and harsh treatment by the government

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15
Q

Why were the World Wars major turning points?

A

Establishment of the National War Labour Boards leads

to union concessions

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16
Q

Why was the New Deal a major turning point?

A

The NIRA, NRA and Wagner Act give greater union power

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17
Q

Why were the 1960’s a significant turning point?

A

Cesar Chavez and farm workers shows rural power

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18
Q

Why were the 1980’s a significant turning point?

A

Reduction in union power as shown by PATCO strike

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19
Q

When were the Knights of Labour founded?

A

1869

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20
Q

When did Molly Maguires establish themselves?

A

1873

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21
Q

When was the Haymarket Affair and the American Federation of Labour founded?

A

1886

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22
Q

When was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?

A

1890

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23
Q

When was the Homestead strike?

A

1892

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24
Q

When was the Pullman strike?

A

1894

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25
Q

When did Lochner vs New York take place?

A

1905

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26
Q

When was the Clayton Anti-Trust Act?

A

1914

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27
Q

When was the Brotherhood of the Sleeping Car Porters and Maids established?

A

1925

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28
Q

When were the NIRA and the NRA formed?

A

1933

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29
Q

When was the Wagner Act?

A

1935

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30
Q

When was the Congress of Industrial Organisations?

A

1937

31
Q

When was the Taft-Hartley Act?

A

1947

32
Q

When did the AFL and the CIO merge?

A

1955

33
Q

When was the Occupational Safety and Health Act?

A

1970

34
Q

When was the PATCO strike?

A

1981

35
Q

Who were the Knights of Labour?

A

Developed post-1879 under leadership of Terence Powderley. Successful strike at Wabash Railroad but lost influence post Haymarket Affair of 1886.

36
Q

Who were the Molly Maguires?

A

A group of Irish immigrant miners who violently

protested for better working conditions

37
Q

Who were the American Federation of Labour?

A

Replaced the Knights of Labour in 1886. Attempted to

unite all unions, 2 million members by 1914.

38
Q

What was the Haymarket Affair?

A
  • May 1886, violence broke out between police and striking workers at the McCormick Harvester Plant in Chicago
  • Four workers killed when police opened fire
  • Following evening, a protest rally took place in Haymarket Square in the city
  • Bomb thrown killing seven policemen
  • Police retaliated by opening fire on crowd
  • Further four workers were killed
  • Blamed on German anarchists led by Johann Most and August Spies and eight were
    arrested
39
Q

What was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?

A

Government intervention to restrict monopolies by which large companies were able to control trade. Went against usual policy but they were worried about control or stop of trade.

40
Q

What was the Homestead strike?

A
  • Occurred at the steel plant in Homestead, that was owned by Andrew Carnegie.
  • Happened because the management of the plant, led by Henry Frick, wanted to break the union at the plant so that they could reduce wages more easily.
41
Q

What was the Pullman strike?

A
  • Railroad strike due to the Pullman company cutting wages by a quarter as a result of economic depression.
  • Government made injunction stopping anyone interfering with mail movement.
  • Federal troops broke strike and Supreme Court issued Omnibus Indictment Act making strike illegal
42
Q

What was the Lochner vs New York debate?

A
  • Supreme Court continued to reject worker’s rights

- Did not uphold legislation to limit hours worker by a baker as it was argued to be restriction in terms of employment

43
Q

What was the Clayton Anti-Trust Act?

A

Limited use of injunctions to maintain production during WW1 and allowed peaceful picketing. Did not stop employers reducing wages.

44
Q

Who were the Brotherhood of the Sleeping Car Porters and Maids?

A

Brotherhood of the Sleeping Car Porters union established in 1925, mainly African American.

45
Q

What was the NIRA and who were the NRA?

A

National Industrial Recovery Act - assisted economic recovery during Great Depression by allowing the President to regulate industry for fair wages and prices that would stimulate economic recovery.

National Recovery Administration - New Deal agency established by FDR with goal to bring industry, labour, and government together to create codes of “fair practices” and set prices

46
Q

What was the Wagner Act?

A

Established the National Labour Relations Board and addressed relations between unions and employers in the private sector

47
Q

Who were the Congress of Industrial Organisations?

A

Federation of unions that organised workers in industrial unions in the United States

48
Q

What was the Taft-Hartley Act?

A

Law that restricts the activities and power of labour unions.

49
Q

What was significant about the merger of the AFL and CIO?

A

Became a larger organisation as the CIO was a more radical version of the AFL

50
Q

What was the Occupational Safety and Health Act?

A

Law passed in 1970 to encourage safer workplace conditions in the United States

51
Q

What was the PATCO strike?

A

PATCO strike occurred because government wouldn’t allow air traffic controllers to be paid more for fewer hours. Strike was in contravention of 1955 Acts preventing government workers from striking.

52
Q

Why was A. Phillip Randolph important for Trade Union and Labour Rights?

A

Led organised labour causes in 1920s to pressure

the govt.

53
Q

Why was John Rockefeller important for Trade Union and Labour Rights?

A

US businessman who controlled 90% oil refineries and amassed a fortune of $1 billion by 1937.

54
Q

Why was Andrew Carnegie important for Trade Union and Labour Rights?

A

Controlled 25% of US iron and steel production. He sold the company in 1901 for $250 million.

55
Q

Why was Henry Frick important for Trade Union and Labour Rights?

A

US coal industry millionaire who entered a partnership with Carnegie. Sent in to break the Homestead strike.

56
Q

Why was Samuel Gompers important for Trade Union and Labour Rights?

A

Leader of the AFL in the early 1900’s, ensured acceptance of the union by employers.

57
Q

Why was Henry Ford important for Trade Union and Labour Rights?

A

Set up the motor company, refused to recognise unions until 1941.

58
Q

Why was Cesar Chavez important for Trade Union and Labour Rights?

A

Founded National Farm Workers Association and led the Salad Bowl strike in the 1970’s.

59
Q

Why was Grover Cleveland important for Trade Union and Labour Rights?

A

Sent troops in to break up the Pullman Strike.

60
Q

Why was Woodrow Wilson important for Trade Union and Labour Rights?

A

Granted concessions during the war years.

61
Q

Why was Franklin D. Roosevelt important for Trade Union and Labour Rights?

A

Introduced New Deal = significant progress.

62
Q

Why was JFK important for Trade Union and Labour Rights?

A

‘New Frontier’ led to Equal Pay Act.

63
Q

Why was Lyndon B. Johnson important for Trade Union and Labour Rights?

A

‘Great Society’ led to Civil Rights Act and further reform.

64
Q

Why was Richard Nixon important for Trade Union and Labour Rights?

A

Brought in Occupational Safety and Health Act, 1970.

65
Q

Why was Jimmy Carter important for Trade Union and Labour Rights?

A

Limited impact but did establish a minimum wage.

66
Q

Why was Ronald Reagan important for Trade Union and Labour Rights?

A

Wanted to reduce the power of the unions.

67
Q

Who were the Women’s Trade Union League?

A

WTUL established in 1903 to encourage women to organise themselves into unions. Conflict with male unions due to their support for suffrage.

68
Q

Who were the Industrial Workers of the World?

A

Known as the ‘Wobblies’ set up in 1905 with a reputation for violence and militancy. Supported rights of poor workers and immigrants. Declined post-1923.

69
Q

What was the National War Labour Board?

A

Set up during wars to settle disputes between workers

and employers. No-strike agreement.

70
Q

What was the National Mediation Board?

A

Established to regulate labour relations in the railway industry in 1920’s.

71
Q

Who were the United Farm Workers?

A

Established in 1972 after uniting several unions.

72
Q

Who were PATCO?

A

Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organisation led 1981 strike.

73
Q

What was the Omnibus Indictment Act?

A

Act brought in post Pullman Strike which banned general strike action

A Level History (19 decks)

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