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A Level History > African Americans > Flashcards

African Americans Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the key themes to consider in relation to African Americans during the period 1865-1992?

A
  • Social
  • Political
  • Economic
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2
Q

What is meant by social in relation to this topic?

A

Affecting people, education, housing, living conditions.

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3
Q

What is meant by political in relation to this topic?

A

Affecting the right to vote, work in politics, involved in political process.

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4
Q

What is meant by economic in relation to this topic?

A

Affecting access to jobs and employment.

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5
Q

What are the key factors significant to African American Rights?

A
  • Activism
  • Presidents and Congress
  • Supreme Court
  • Opposition
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6
Q

What two groups took part in activism?

A
  • African Americans

- Key Organisations

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7
Q

Why were Presidents and Congress significant for African American Rights?

A

The president is often constrained by the views of Congress. Responsible for passing laws and amendments to the
constitution.

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8
Q

Why were the Supreme Court significant for African American Rights?

A

Cases are ruled on by the Supreme Court, known by the judgement e.g. Plessy vs. Ferguson. They reinforce the constitution and laws.

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9
Q

Why were opposition significant for African American Rights?

A

From ordinary people as well as groups such as the KKK.

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10
Q

What were the key turning points for this period?

A
  • Reconstruction Period (1865-77)
  • Gilded Age (1875-95)
  • World Wars (1914-18 + 1939-45)
  • 1950’s
  • 1960’s
  • Black Power
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11
Q

Why was the Reconstruction Period a key turning point for African Americans?

A

Led by Andrew Johnson in the wake of the end of Civil War. Passed the 13th, 14th, 15th Amendment giving African Americans the vote.

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12
Q

Why was the Gilded Age a key turning point for African Americans?

A

Introduces Jim Crow laws and increased opposition to

African American rights through the KKK.

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13
Q

Why were the World Wars key turning points for African Americans?

A
  • WWI increases employment, migration, ghettos.

- WWII link with Hitler and Jewish persecution.

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14
Q

Why were the 1950’s a key turning point for African Americans?

A

Murder of Emmett Till, Brown vs. Board, Little Rock.

Rosa Parks and Montgomery bus boycotts.

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15
Q

Why were the 1960’s a key turning point for African Americans?

A

Birmingham protest, March on Washington, Civil Rights Act, Voting Rights Act, role of Martin Luther King.

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16
Q

Why was the Black Power a key turning point for African Americans?

A

Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam. Militant role of the

Black Panthers and black consciousness.

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17
Q

When was the 13th Amendment passed?

A

1865

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18
Q

When was the Civil Rights Act passed?

A

1866

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19
Q

When was the 14th Amendment passed?

A

1868

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20
Q

When was the 15th Amendment passed?

A

1870

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21
Q

When was the KKK Act passed?

A

1871

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22
Q

When did the Slaughterhouse Case take place?

A

1873

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23
Q

When was the ‘Plessy vs Ferguson’ debate?

A

1896

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24
Q

When was the Fair Employment Act passed?

A

1941

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25
Q

When was the ‘Brown vs Board’ debate?

A

1954

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26
Q

When was the second Civil Rights Act?

A

1964

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27
Q

When was the Voting Rights Act?

A

1965

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28
Q

When was the Fair Housing Act?

A

1968

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29
Q

When was the ‘California vs Bakke’ debate?

A

1978

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30
Q

When was Martin Luther King Day introduced?

A

1983

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31
Q

When was the Civil Rights Restoration Act passed?

A

1988

32
Q

When were the Rodney King Riots?

A

1992

33
Q

What did the 13th Amendment mean for African Americans?

A

Meant that slaves were formally freed during the Civil War.

34
Q

What did the first Civil Rights Act mean for African Americans?

A

Meant all people born in the USA were given equal citizen rights.

35
Q

What did the 14th Amendment mean for African Americans?

A

It gave all AA’s citizenship and equal protection under law.

36
Q

What did the 15th Amendment mean for African Americans?

A

Forbade the denial of the vote to any man on the basis of colour, race or ‘previous condition of servitude’.

37
Q

What did the KKK Act mean for African Americans?

A

Also known as Third Enforcement Act, made it an offence for two or more persons to deprive citizens to protection of the law.
Protection of Southern African Americans.

38
Q

What happened at the Slaughterhouse Case?

A

In judging a case concerning a meat monopoly, the federal Supreme Court decided that the rights of citizens should stay under state rather than federal control. It ruled that the 14th Amendment to the Constitution protects a person’s individual rights but not his or her state civil rights, this is the rights granted at the discretion of the civil government, the state.

39
Q

What was the ‘Plessy vs Ferguson’ debate?

A
  • Homer Plessy was a light-skinned mixed race, legally classed as black
  • Sued after being denied a seat in an all-white railway carriage
  • Justices decided 8-1 against him that the segregation was constitutional
  • It rules that segregation didn’t mean inferior
  • This created a legal precedent for future cases
  • “Separate but Equal”
40
Q

What did the Fair Employment Act state?

A

Prohibition of racial discrimination by all federal agencies, unions, and companies engaged in war-related work.

41
Q

What was the ‘Brown vs Board’ debate?

A

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled unanimously (9–0) that racial segregation in public schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution.
Reversed ‘Plessy vs Ferguson’.

42
Q

What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 state?

A

Law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, colour, religion, sex, or national origin.

43
Q

What did the Voting Rights Act state?

A

Aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote as guaranteed under the 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

44
Q

What did the Fair Housing Act state?

A

Outlaws, refusal to sell or rent a dwelling to any person because of race, colour, disability, religion, sex, familial status, or national origin.

45
Q

What was the California vs Bakke debate?

A
  • Allan Bakke, a white male, applied to the University of California, Davis School of Medicine in 1973 and 1974, but was rejected in both years, although ‘special applicants’ were admitted with significantly lower academic scores than Bakke’s.
  • Powell (supreme court judge) found that quotas insulated minority applicants from competition with regular applicants and were thus unconstitutional because they discriminated against non-minority applicants, although race could be used as plus factor in a candidates favour.
46
Q

What were the Rodney King Riots?

A

The riots stemmed from the acquittal of four white Los Angeles Police Department officers in the beating of black motorist Rodney King in 1991. Facts: The riots over five days in the spring of 1992 left more than 50 people dead, and more than 2,000 injured.

47
Q

What was the Civil Rights Restoration Act?

A

Specified that recipients of federal funds must comply with civil rights laws in all areas, not just in the particular program or activity that received federal funding.

48
Q

Why was Frederick Douglass significant in the development of African American Civil Rights?

A

Led abolitionist movement and president of Freedman’s Savings Bank.

49
Q

Why was Blanche K. Bruce significant in the development of African American Civil Rights?

A

First African American senator to serve a whole

term in office 1881-85.

50
Q

Why was Ida B. Wells significant in the development of African American Civil Rights?

A

Co-founded of NAACP and campaigned against lynchings and Jim Crow laws.

51
Q

Why was Booker T. Washington significant in the development of African American Civil Rights?

A

Disagreed with Du Bois and promoted education and economic advancement to secure rights.

52
Q

Why was W.E.B. Du Bois significant in the development of African American Civil Rights?

A

Established NAACP and believed in political rights campaigns.

53
Q

Why was A. Phillip Randolph significant in the development of African American Civil Rights?

A

Led organised labour causes in 1920s to pressure

the govt.

54
Q

Why was Marcus Garvey significant in the development of African American Civil Rights?

A

Established black identity and consciousness.

55
Q

Why was Martin Luther King significant in the development of African American Civil Rights?

A

Led SCLC, credited with Civil Rights Act.

56
Q

Why was Malcolm X significant in the development of African American Civil Rights?

A

Believed in separatism worked with N.o.I

57
Q

Why was Jesse Jackson significant in the development of African American Civil Rights?

A

Ran as presidential candidate in the 1980’s.

58
Q

Why was Andrew Johnson significant as a President in the development of African American Civil Rights?

A

Supported rights to hampered by Southern States.

59
Q

Why was Woodrow Wilson significant as a President in the development of African American Civil Rights?

A

Very limited support for African American rights.

60
Q

Why was Franklin D. Roosevelt significant as a President in the development of African American Civil Rights?

A

Introduced New Deal = slight improvements.

61
Q

Why was Harry S. Truman significant as a President in the development of African American Civil Rights?

A

‘To secure these Rights’ published.

62
Q

Why was Dwight Eisenhower significant as a President in the development of African American Civil Rights?

A

Forced to act due to Brown vs. Board.

63
Q

Why was John F. Kennedy significant as a President in the development of African American Civil Rights?

A

Meets with Martin Luther King.

64
Q

Why was Lyndon B. Johnson significant as a President in the development of African American Civil Rights?

A

Passes Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts.

65
Q

Why was Richard Nixon significant as a President in the development of African American Civil Rights?

A

Introduces Affirmative Action.

66
Q

Why was Ronald Reagan significant as a President in the development of African American Civil Rights?

A

Limited support, opposes Martin Luther King Day.

67
Q

What was the Freedman’s Bureau?

A

Organisation to support ex-slaves.

68
Q

Who were the KKK?

A

White supremacist group set up in 1867 led lynching campaigns. Resurges in 1920s, 1950’s.

69
Q

Who were the NAACP?

A

National Association for Advancement of Coloured People set up in 1909. Focused on legal challenges.

70
Q

What was the Tuskegee Institute?

A

Set up by Booker T. Washington in 1881 to train teachers and promote education improvements.

71
Q

What was the UNIA?

A

Universal Negro Improvement Association founded by Garvey in 1914, first large organisation.

72
Q

What were White Councils?

A

Set up after Brown vs. Board to protest school segregation.

73
Q

Who were the SCLC?

A

Southern Christian Leadership Conference founded in 1957. Led by Martin Luther King.

74
Q

Who were CORE?

A

Congress of Racial Equality founded in 1942. Introduced freedom rides and challenged segregation.

75
Q

Who were the SNCC?

A

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee established in 1962.

76
Q

What was the Nation of Islam?

A

Founded in 1930 and Malcolm X worked with them to

promote African heritage in 1950’s/60’s.

77
Q

Who were the Black Panthers?

A

Founded in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seal.

Called for armed resistance and hostility to whites.

A Level History (19 decks)

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