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Gross Anatomy II Exam 2 > Trachea, Bronchi, and Lungs > Flashcards

Trachea, Bronchi, and Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

What prevents the trachea from collapsing?

A

the 15 to 20 cartilaginous rings that are open posteriorly

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2
Q

What covers the posterior opening/gap of the trachea?

A

the trachealis muscle

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3
Q

Where does the trachea bifurcate into the right and left main bronchi?

A

sternal angle (IV disc between TV 4 and 5)

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4
Q

What is the prominent ridge located within the trachea at its bifurcation, which separates the openings of the right and left main bronchi?

A

carina

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5
Q

Which main bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertical than the other?

A

the right main bronchus

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6
Q

The right main bronchus branches into how many lobar bronchi and segmental bronchi?

A

3 lobar bronchi and 10 segmental bronchi

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7
Q

Where does the trachea begin?

A

inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (cervical vertebra 6)

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8
Q

Which main bronchus is longer, narrower, and more horizontal than the other?

A

left main bronchus

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9
Q

The left main bronchus divides into how many lobar bronchi and segmental bronchi?

A

2 lobar bronchi and 10 segmental bronchi

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10
Q

If a foreign object is aspirated, where will it usually enter and why?

A

the right main bronchus due to its wide, short, and vertical arrangement

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11
Q

What is the carina covered with and what does it initiate?

A

sensitive mucous membrane and it initiates the cough reflex

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12
Q

What is the blood supply to the trachea?

A

inferior thyroid artery and bronchial arteries

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13
Q

What is the innervation of the trachea?

A

vagus nerve (parasympathetic and pain fibers) and the sympathetic trunk

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14
Q

What are the surfaces of the lungs?

A

base, apex…

costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic

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15
Q

What are the borders of the lung?

A

anterior, posterior, inferior

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16
Q

What are the orientations for the lung?

A

anterior border is sharp and thin, posterior border is broad and rounded

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17
Q

What is on the mediastinal surface of the lung that is the opening through which the vessels, nerves and bronchi pass?

A

hilum

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18
Q

What structures form the root of the lung?

A

bronchi, pulmonary vessels (arteries superior, veins inferior), bronchial vessels, nerves and lymphatics

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19
Q

Which lung has an oblique fissure and a horizontal fissure?

A

right lung

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20
Q

What are the lobes of the right lung?

A

Superior, middle and inferior

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21
Q

What characteristics are on the right lung?

A

Groove for azygos vein, groove for esophagus, cardiac impression, groove for superior vena cava, and groove for right brachiocephalic vein

22
Q

Which lung has only an oblique fissure?

A

Left lung

23
Q

What are the lobes of the left lung?

A

Superior and inferior lobes

24
Q

What characteristics are on the left lung?

A

Lingula, cardiac notch, cardiac impression, groove for aorta, and groove for left subclavian artery

25
Q

What are the functional units of the lung?

A

bronchopulmonary segments

26
Q

What does the bronchopulmonary segments consist of?

A

segmental bronchus, branch of the pulmonary artery, segment of lung tissue, and surrounding septum

27
Q

Why are bronchopulmonary segments clinically significant?

A

they can be surgically removed without affecting the functioning of adjacent segments

28
Q

What is the blood supply to the lungs?

A

arterial: bronchial arteries
venous: bronchial veins

29
Q

What are the structural levels of the tracheobronchial tree?

A

trachea, main bronchi, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

30
Q

What is the primary tissue of the trachea and main bronchi?

A

cartilaginous rings

31
Q

What is the primary tissue of the lobar bronchi?

A

cartilaginous plates

32
Q

What structural levels have primary tissue made up of smooth muscles?

A

segmental bronchi and bronchioles

33
Q

What is the primary tissue of alveoli?

A

thin permeable membrane

34
Q

What is inflammation of the segmental bronchi?

A

bronchitis

35
Q

What is inflammation of bronchioles?

A

bronchiolitis

36
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

inflammation of the alveoli

37
Q

What are the structures that lie in front of and behind the root of the lung and are formed from vagus and sympathetic trunk fibers?

A

anterior and posterior pulmonary plexuses

38
Q

What does sympathetic activation produce in the lungs?

A

bronchial dilation, vasoconstriction and decreases glandular secretion

39
Q

What activation results in bronchial constriction, vasodilation and increased glandular secretion?

A

parasympathetic

40
Q

What is asthma?

A

obstructive airway disease characterized by coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing

41
Q

What is asthma caused by?

A

spasms of smooth muscle which lies in the segmental bronchi and bronchioles

42
Q

What are the two types of asthma and what are they triggered by?

A

extrinsic: by allergens
intrinsic: by non-allergic stimuli such as stress, cold, or exercise

43
Q

What can often help alleviate asthma?

A

adjustments to the upper thoracics (T2-5) and sometimes T9-11 (because of the adrenal medulla, which produces epinephrine, a potent vasodilator)

44
Q

Lymph from the lungs drain into what nodes located in the hilum?

A

pulmonary and bronchopulmonary nodes that drain into the tracheobronchial nodes

45
Q

What is the effect that moves dirt and mucous out of the larynx that can be damaged by smoking?

A

mucociliary clearance

46
Q

When mucociliary clearance is damaged from smoking what does it cause?

A

smokers cough

47
Q

What is another name for lung cancer that is a primary tumor of the bronchus?

A

bronchogenic carcinoma

48
Q

What nerve can be affected by lung cancer at the apex of the lung and results in paralysis of half of the larynx?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

49
Q

What happens when the phrenic nerve is damaged from lung cancer?

A

paralysis of half of the diaphragm

50
Q

What can cause an enlargement of a sentinel node?

A

bronchogenic carcinoma

51
Q

Where can bronchogenic carcinoma refer pain to?

A

upper or middle thoracic cord segments because both sympathetic and vagal fibers contain sensory fibers

Gross Anatomy II Exam 2 (9 decks)

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