Thoracic Wall

Question 1

What are the parts of the sternum?

Answer 1

manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

Question 2

What forms the sternal angle?

Answer 2

articulation of the manubrium with the body of the sternum

Question 3

What is the superior opening of the thoracic cage?

Answer 3

superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet)

Question 4

What is the boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture?

Answer 4

manubrium, first rib, and first thoracic verebra

Question 5

What is the inferior opening of the thoracic cage?

Answer 5

inferior thoracic aperture (thoracic outlet)

Question 6

What are the boundaries of the inferior thoracic aperture?

Answer 6

xiphoid process, costal margin, twelfth rib, distal end of eleventh rib, twelfth thoracic vertebra

Question 7

What are ribs 1 to 7 which articulate with the sternum directly through their own costal cartilages?

Answer 7

true ribs

Question 8

What are ribs 8 to 12?

Answer 8

false ribs

Question 9

What ribs articulate with the sternum indirectly by attaching to the costal cartilage of the rib above?

Answer 9

ribs 8 to 10

Question 10

What ribs are not connected to the sternum at all and are often referred to as floating ribs?

Answer 10

11 and 12

Question 11

Which ribs are typical ribs?

Answer 11

3 to 9

Question 12

Which ribs are atypical ribs?

Answer 12

1, 2, 10, 11, and 12

Question 13

What is the morphology of a typical rib?

Answer 13

head, neck, tubercle, angle, shaft, and costal groove

Question 14

what are the functions of the thoracic cage?

Answer 14

protection of thoracic and upper abdominal organs, muscle attachments, and respiration

Question 15

What do the external intercostal muscles do?

Answer 15

elevates the ribs in inspiration

Question 16

What do the external intercostal muscles do?

Answer 16

elevates the ribs in inspiration

Question 17

What does the internal intercostal, innermost intercostal, subcostalis, and transversus thoracis muscles do?

Answer 17

depresses the ribs in forced expiration

Question 18

What are the branches of the internal thoracic artery?

Answer 18

Pericardiacophrenic, anterior intercostal, musculophrenic, and superior epigastric arteries

Question 19

What artery accompanies the phrenic nerve, supplies the pleura, pericardium and diaphragm?

Answer 19

Pericardiacophrenic artery

Question 20

Anterior intercostal arteries supply what?

Answer 20

supply the upper 6 intercostal spaces, anastomose with the posterior intercostal arteries

Question 21

What artery supplies the lateral terminal branch of internal thoracic artery?

Answer 21

musculophrenic artery

Question 22

Superior epigastric artery supplies what?

Answer 22

medial terminal branch of internal thoracic artery

Question 23

What supplies the posterior aspect of the thoracic wall?

Answer 23

supreme (superior) intercostal artery, third-eleventh posterior intercostal arteries, and subcostal artery

Question 24

What veins drain the anterior thoracic wall?

Answer 24

internal thoracic vein (into brachiocephalic vein)

Question 25

What drains the posterior aspect of the thoracic wall?

Answer 25

azygos veins (system)

Question 26

What is the right side of the azygos system made of?

Answer 26

1st posterior intercostal into brachiocephalic
2nd and 3rd posterior intercostal veins form superior intercostal vein
4th-11th posterior intercostal veins and subcostal vein form azygos vein

Question 27

What is the left side of the azygos system formed from?

Answer 27

1st posterior intercostal vein into brachiocephalic
2nd-3rd post. intercostal into superior intercostal (into brachiocephalic)
4th-8th post intercostal into accessory hemiazygos vein (into azygos on right)
9th-11th post intercostal and subcostal into hemiazygos (into azygos)

Question 28

What nerves innervate the thoracic wall?

Answer 28

Intercostal nerves: anterior primary rami 1-11 ribs

subcostal nerve: anterior primary ramus of rib 12

Question 29

What are the layers of the thoracic wall?

Answer 29

skin, superficial fascia, deep fascia, serratus anterior, external intercostal muscle, internal intercostal muscle, innermost intercostal muscle, endothoracic fascia, parietal pleura, pleural cavity, visceral pleura, and the lung

Question 30

What is the function of the endothoracic fascia?

Answer 30

to prevent the innermost intercostal muscle from rubbing against the parietal pleura

Question 31

What is the thickening of the fascia over the apex of the lung?

Answer 31

suprapleural membrane

Question 32

What lies within a typical space?

Answer 32

intercostal vein, artery, and nerve