Heart Flashcards
What are the four chambers of the heart?
right and left atrium, right and left ventricle
What is the circulation of blood through the heart?
inferior/superior vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta
What is a pulmonary embolism?
obstruction of a pulmonary artery by a blood clot
Where does a blood clot for a pulmonary embolism usually form?
the systemic venous system
What does a pulmonary embolism lead to?
acute respiratory distress, dilation of right ventricle and atrium, heart failure and death
What does each valve consist of?
valve orifice, fibrous ring, cusps
What are the four major valves of the heart?
pulmonary valve, aortic valve, mitral valve, and tricuspid valve
Which valve is between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk and has three cusps (anterior, left, and right)?
pulmonary valve
What is the aortic valve between?
the left ventricle and aorta (three cusps: left, right, and posterior)
What valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle and has two cusps (anterior and posterior)?
mitral (bicsupid) valve
What is the tricuspid valve between?
the right atrium and right ventricle (three cusps: anterior, posterior, and septal)
What is another name for the mitral and tricuspid valves?
left and right atrioventricular valves
What makes the lub sound?
contraction of the ventricles and closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves
What produces the dub sound?
closure of the pulmonary and aortic valves
Where is the auscultation point for the pulmonary valve?
behind the medial end of the third left costal cartilage, most audible over the left second intercostal space
Which valve auscultation point is located behind the left half of the sternum medial to the third intercostal space, most audible over the right second intercostal space?
aortic valve
Which valves auscultation point is located behind the let half of the sternum medial to the fourth costal cartilage, most audible over the left fifth intercostal space at the midclavicular line?
mitral valve
Why cant you hear the valves right over the place where they are located in the body?
formation of bone, orientation of the heart, and acoustics of blood flow to the spot of ausculation
Where is the auscultation point for the tricuspid valve?
behind the right half of the sternum medial to the fourth intercostal space, most audible over the left fifth intercostal space at its border with the sternum
What are the boundaries of the heart?
base (left and right atria)
apex (fifth intercostal space, left ventricle)
What are the surfaces of the heart?
anterior, diaphragmatic, left pulmonary, and right pulmonary
What structure of the right atrium is an ear-like appendage from the superior aspect of the right atrium?
right auricle
What are prominent parallel ridges located in the anterior right atrial wall?
pectinate muscles
What divides the heart into right and left halves?
septal wall
What is a vertical muscular ridge which runs from the opening of the superior vena cava to that of the inferior vena cava, marking the termination of the pectinate muscles and separating the right atrium proper from the sinus of venae cavae?
crista terminalis
What is the smooth-walled area located posterior to the crista terminalis that represents the embryonic sinus venosus and receives the openings of the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus, and anterior veins of the right ventricle?
sinus of the venae cavae
What is a depression which is the remnant of the foramen ovale?
fossa ovalis
What is the sharp border of the fossa ovalis?
limbus fossa ovalis
What is an atrial septal defect?
foramen ovale persists as a small opening in the superior part of the fossa ovalis
In an atrial septal defect, blood is shunted from the left atrium to the right atrium causing dilation to what?
right atrium, right ventricle, and pulmonary trunk
What are the openings in the right atrium?
superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus, anterior veins of right ventricle, right ventricle (through the tricuspid valve)