Heart

Question 1

What are the four chambers of the heart?

Answer 1

right and left atrium, right and left ventricle

Question 2

What is the circulation of blood through the heart?

Answer 2

inferior/superior vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta

Question 3

What is a pulmonary embolism?

Answer 3

obstruction of a pulmonary artery by a blood clot

Question 4

Where does a blood clot for a pulmonary embolism usually form?

Answer 4

the systemic venous system

Question 5

What does a pulmonary embolism lead to?

Answer 5

acute respiratory distress, dilation of right ventricle and atrium, heart failure and death

Question 6

What does each valve consist of?

Answer 6

valve orifice, fibrous ring, cusps

Question 7

What are the four major valves of the heart?

Answer 7

pulmonary valve, aortic valve, mitral valve, and tricuspid valve

Question 8

Which valve is between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk and has three cusps (anterior, left, and right)?

Answer 8

pulmonary valve

Question 9

What is the aortic valve between?

Answer 9

the left ventricle and aorta (three cusps: left, right, and posterior)

Question 10

What valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle and has two cusps (anterior and posterior)?

Answer 10

mitral (bicsupid) valve

Question 11

What is the tricuspid valve between?

Answer 11

the right atrium and right ventricle (three cusps: anterior, posterior, and septal)

Question 12

What is another name for the mitral and tricuspid valves?

Answer 12

left and right atrioventricular valves

Question 13

What makes the lub sound?

Answer 13

contraction of the ventricles and closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves

Question 14

What produces the dub sound?

Answer 14

closure of the pulmonary and aortic valves

Question 15

Where is the auscultation point for the pulmonary valve?

Answer 15

behind the medial end of the third left costal cartilage, most audible over the left second intercostal space

Question 16

Which valve auscultation point is located behind the left half of the sternum medial to the third intercostal space, most audible over the right second intercostal space?

Answer 16

aortic valve

Question 17

Which valves auscultation point is located behind the let half of the sternum medial to the fourth costal cartilage, most audible over the left fifth intercostal space at the midclavicular line?

Answer 17

mitral valve

Question 18

Why cant you hear the valves right over the place where they are located in the body?

Answer 18

formation of bone, orientation of the heart, and acoustics of blood flow to the spot of ausculation

Question 19

Where is the auscultation point for the tricuspid valve?

Answer 19

behind the right half of the sternum medial to the fourth intercostal space, most audible over the left fifth intercostal space at its border with the sternum

Question 20

What are the boundaries of the heart?

Answer 20

base (left and right atria)

apex (fifth intercostal space, left ventricle)

Question 21

What are the surfaces of the heart?

Answer 21

anterior, diaphragmatic, left pulmonary, and right pulmonary

Question 22

What structure of the right atrium is an ear-like appendage from the superior aspect of the right atrium?

Answer 22

right auricle

Question 23

What are prominent parallel ridges located in the anterior right atrial wall?

Answer 23

pectinate muscles

Question 24

What divides the heart into right and left halves?

Answer 24

septal wall

Question 25

What is a vertical muscular ridge which runs from the opening of the superior vena cava to that of the inferior vena cava, marking the termination of the pectinate muscles and separating the right atrium proper from the sinus of venae cavae?

Answer 25

crista terminalis

Question 26

What is the smooth-walled area located posterior to the crista terminalis that represents the embryonic sinus venosus and receives the openings of the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus, and anterior veins of the right ventricle?

Answer 26

sinus of the venae cavae

Question 27

What is a depression which is the remnant of the foramen ovale?

Answer 27

fossa ovalis

Question 28

What is the sharp border of the fossa ovalis?

Answer 28

limbus fossa ovalis

Question 29

What is an atrial septal defect?

Answer 29

foramen ovale persists as a small opening in the superior part of the fossa ovalis

Question 30

In an atrial septal defect, blood is shunted from the left atrium to the right atrium causing dilation to what?

Answer 30

right atrium, right ventricle, and pulmonary trunk

Question 31

What are the openings in the right atrium?

Answer 31

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus, anterior veins of right ventricle, right ventricle (through the tricuspid valve)

Question 32

What are the interconnecting muscular ridges located in the ventricular wall?

Answer 32

trabeculae carneae

Question 33

What are the cone-shaped muscles which originate from the ventricular wall that are connected to the chordae tendineae?

Answer 33

papillary muscles

Question 34

What are the papillary muscles in the right ventricle?

Answer 34

anterior, posterior, and septal

Question 35

What attaches the papillary muscles to the borders of the cusps tricuspid valve and prevent eversion of the valve during ventricular contraction?

Answer 35

chordae tendineae

Question 36

What is the upper portion of the right ventricle which ends in the pulmonary trunk?

Answer 36

conus arteriosus

Question 37

What is a thick, muscular ridge which separates the conus arteriosus from the rest of the right ventricle?

Answer 37

supraventricular crest

Question 38

What is the large trabecula which extends from the interventricular septum to the base of the anterior papillary muscle and transmits the right bundle branch of the conduction system?

Answer 38

septomarginal trabecula (moderator band)

Question 39

What are the openings in the right ventricle?

Answer 39

``` right atrium (through the tricuspid valve) pulmonary trunk (through the pulmonary valve) ```

Question 40

What is the ear-like appendage of the left atrium?

Answer 40

left auricle

Question 41

What muscle is hardly found in the left atrium because it is mostly smooth?

Answer 41

pectinate muscles

Question 42

What are the openings of the left atrium?

Answer 42

``` pulmonary veins left ventricle (through the mitral valve) ```

Question 43

What are the finer and more numerous fibers in the left ventricle compared to the right ventricle?

Answer 43

trabeculae carneae

Question 44

What are the papillary muscles of the left ventricle?

Answer 44

anterior and posterior

Question 45

What attaches the papillary muscles to the cusps of the mitral valve in the left ventricle?

Answer 45

chordae tendineae

Question 46

What is the smooth-walled portion of the left ventricle below the cusps of the aortic valve?

Answer 46

aortic vestibule

Question 47

What are the openings in the left ventricle?

Answer 47

``` left atrium (through the mitral valve) aorta (through the aortic valve) ```

Question 48

What are the parts of the septal wall?

Answer 48

interatrial, atrioventricular, membranous interventricular, and muscular interventricular septums

Question 49

What are the two ways the heart can become enlarged?

Answer 49

muscular hypertrophy and dilation of a chamber

Question 50

What happens during muscular hypertrophy of the heart?

Answer 50

the elasticity of blood vessels is lost with age (especially with atherosclerosis and hypertension), more force is required to pump the blood through the veins and the heart grows thicker to compensate for this

Question 51

What is dilation of a chamber due to?

Answer 51

septal defects and valve incompetency

Question 52

What is the most common incompetent valve in the heart?

Answer 52

Mitral valve

Question 53

What do the pulmonary and aortic valves not have in comparison to the mitral and tricuspid valves?

Answer 53

chordae tendineae and papillary muscles

Question 54

Which valves open during contraction?

Answer 54

semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic valves)

Question 55

Which valves close during contraction?

Answer 55

atrioventricular valves (mitral and tricuspid)

Question 56

What do the pulmonary and aortic valves each consist of?

Answer 56

three semilunar cusps with nodules, lunules, and sinuses (pulmonary and aortic)

Question 57

What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart composed of?

Answer 57

fibrous rings (anuli), left and right fibrous trigones, and membranous part of the septal wall

Question 58

What are the parts of the membranous part of the septal wall?

Answer 58

interatrial septum, atrioventricular septum, and membranous interventricular septum

Question 59

What are the functions of the membranous part of the septal wall?

Answer 59

provide structural framework for valves and insulate the electrical impulses of the conduction system within the atrial wall from those within the ventricular wall

Question 60

What low pressure system supplies the heart with blood?

Answer 60

right and left coronary arteries

Question 61

What are the branches of the coronary artery?

Answer 61

sinuatrial nodal artery, right marginal, and posterior interventricular arteries

Question 62

What is it called when the right coronary artery dips under the muscle of the heart?

Answer 62

myocardial bridge (10% of cases result in ischemia)

Question 63

What artery covers the greater part of the heart?

Answer 63

left coronary artery

Question 64

What are the branches of the left coronary artery?

Answer 64

anterior interventricular and circumflex arteries | left marginal artery comes off of circumflex artery

Question 65

What artery is the most common site for a heart attack?

Answer 65

anterior interventricular artery

Question 66

Which artery comes off of the circumflex artery in 30% of the population?

Answer 66

posterior interventricular artery

Question 67

Which side usually has coronary dominance?

Answer 67

right coronary dominance

Question 68

What does the right coronary artery usually supply?

Answer 68

right atrium, most of right ventricle, diaphragmatic surface of left ventricle, posterior 1/3 of interventricular septum, and the conduction system

Question 69

What does the left coronary artery usually supply?

Answer 69

left atrium, most of left ventricle, part of right ventricle, and anterior 2/3 of interventricular septum

Question 70

Where do the coronary artery anastomoses occur?

Answer 70

right coronary and circumflex arteries | anterior and posterior interventricular arteries

Question 71

What drains the heart?

Answer 71

coronary sinus, anterior veins of right ventricle, and venae cordis minimae

Question 72

What are the five tributaries of the coronary sinus?

Answer 72

great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, small cardiac vein, posterior vein of the left ventricle, oblique vein of left atrium

Question 73

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 73

deposition of lipid plaques on the inner walls of arteries that results in narrowing of the lumen

Question 74

What is substernal chest pain upon exertion that is a symptom of partial occlusion of coronary artery branches?

Answer 74

angina pectoris

Question 75

What are the smallest veins of the heart that run within the walls of the heart and drain primarily into the right atrium?

Answer 75

venae cordis minimae

Question 76

What happens when a coronary artery branch becomes completely occluded?

Answer 76

myocardial infarction

Question 77

What are the most common sites of a myocardial infarction?

Answer 77

anterior interventricular artery, right coronary artery, and circumflex artery

Question 78

What artery is blocked when there is a need of a pace maker in the heart?

Answer 78

right coronary artery