Trace Minerals Part 1 Flashcards
Who is at risk for fluorosis?
kids, supplement users
What are the chronic symptoms of fluorosis?
mottling of teeth, pitting of bones
What are the acute symptoms of fluorosis?
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, heart arrhythmias, death
Who’s at risk for fluoride deficiency?
those that consume well or bottled water
What are the symptoms of fluoride deficiency?
dental caries, osteoporosis
What are the sources of fluoride?
fluoridated water, fluoridated toothpaste, tea (depends on brew time and type)
What are the functions of fluoride?
prevention of dental caries, bone health
Which genetic disorder is associated with an icnrease in copper excretion leading to deficiency?
Menkes syndrome
Which genetic disorder is associated with a decrease in copper excretion leading to toxicity?
Wilson’s disease
Supplements of ____decrease copper absorption, while ____ supplements increase copper excretion.
zinc; molybdenum
Which antioxidant enzyme required both zinc and copper?
cytosolic superoxide dismutase
Which antioxidant requires manganese?
mitochondrial superoxide dismutase
Which antioxidant requires selenium?
glutathione peroxidase
What is associated with Wilson’s disease?
Kayser-Fleischer rings
What are some symptoms of copper toxicity?
nausea, vomiting, gastric pain, liver damage (jaundice), kidney damage
Who’s at risk for copper deficiency?
people taking antacids or zinc supplements, malabsorptive conditions, genetic disease (Menkes syndrome)
What increases copper absorption?
citric acid, acid environment
What decreases copper absorption?
acid-reducing meds, phytate, zinc
What causes iron to be trapped in the enterocyte?
copper
What are some good sources of copper?
oysters, nuts and seeds, legumes, cocoa, dried fruits, meat
What is the function of copper?
iron transport, metabolism of superoxide,catecholamines, sterotonin, synthesis of ATP, cross-linking of collagen
Where are the highest concentrations of copper in the body?
liver, brain, heart, kidney
What is a clinical indicator of a zinc deficiency?
diminished taste mechanism
Which is the best source of zinc?
seafood
Which compound decreases zinc absorpation?
iron
Zinc is required to release what from the liver?
vitamin A
Zinc is required for digestion of ___ and ____.
folate, protein
What are the symptoms of zinc toxicity?
metallic taste, headache, nausea, vomiting, copper deficiency
What are signs/symptoms of zinc deficiency?
diminished taste mechanism, alopecia, decreased growth, poor wound healing, dermatitis, delayed sexual maturation, impaired immune function
What are some good sources of zinc?
seafood, legumes, meat, dairy
What increases zinc absorption?
aminoacids, citric acid, acid environment
What decreases zinc absorption?
phytate, oxalate, tannins, iron
What decreases copper and calcium absorption?
zinc
What requires zinc to get out of the liver?
vitamin A (retinol)
What are the functions of zinc?
cofactor, folate digestion, cell growth and replication, bone formation, immune function, insulin secretion
Severe iron deficiency may lead to impaired activation of what?
vitamin D
Which deficiency may lead to an iron deficiency?
copper
When a patient presents with an iron deficiency, which blood protein is elevated?
albumin
Which patient is most likely to have an iron deficiency?
15 year old female gymnast
Which compound does NOT contain a heme?
catechol dioxygenase
Which compound from chocolate can decrease iron absorption?
oxalate
Which carrier protein is synthesized in both the SI and liver?
ferritin
Which class of enzymes is required for digestion of heme iron prior to absorption?
hydrolase
