Major Minerals Part 1 Flashcards
Who is at risk for chloride deficiency/toxicity?
those with chronic diarrhea or vomiting
What are the symptoms of chloride deficiency?
convulsions
What are good sources of chloride?
salt, processed foods, eggs, meat, seafood
What are functions of chloride?
fluid balance, HCl in gastric juice
Which does NOT lead to hypocalcemia?
hyperkalemia
Which is a clinical indicator of both hypo and hyperkalemia?
cardiac arrhythemias
All hypertensive patients would benefit from a reduced sodium diet. True or False?
true
The average American does not meet their daily sodium requirement. True or False?
false
Which mineral is utilized by kinases?
magnesium
Magnesium deficiency may present as ____ while a toxicity may present as ____.
muscle weakness, slurred speech
Where are you more likely to find magnesium and potassium?
plants
Which mineral stabilizes ATP?
magnesium
Who is at risk for potassium toxicity?
patients with kidney disease
What are the symptoms for hyperkalemia?
cardiac arrythmias, cardiac arrest
What are the symptoms for hypokalemia?
cardiac arrythmias, myopathy, irritability, mental confusion, glucose intolerance
What are subclinical deficiency of potassium symptoms?
high blood pressure, increased urinary calcium excretion, abnormal bone turnover
What are good sources of potassium?
banana, cantaloupe, papaya, dried fruit, avocado, milk, white and sweet potatoes, squash, corn
What are functions of potassium?
fluid balance, Na/K ATPase pump, inhibits calcium excretion
Who is most likely to have high blood pressure associated with too much sodium?
African Americans, obese, elderly
Who are at risk for sodium toxicity?
elderly, kidney disease
What are the symptoms of sodium toxicity?
HTN, hypocalcemia, osteoporosis and tetany
What happens to calcium if there is too much sodium in the body?
there is an increase in calcium excretion
Who is at risk of hyponatremia?
excessive sweaters, severe trauma
What are the symptoms of hyponatremia?
muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, coma, seizures
What are some good sources of sodium?
salt, processed or canned foods, condiments, cured meats, naturally found in meats, veggies and grains
What are the steps of the active transport of sodium?
- sodium binds carrier protein
- compound binds carrier protein
- carrier protein releases sodium and compound inside enterocyte
- sodium is pumped out of enterocyte and potassium is pumped in using ATP
What is the major cation in extracellular fluid?
sodium
What are the functions of sodium?
fluid balance, nerve transmission, muscle contraction
Who is at risk to get magnesium toxicity?
patients with kidney disease
What are the symptoms of magnesium toxicity?
diarrhea, nausea, flushing, slurred speech, migraine
What are subclinical signs of not getting enough magnesium?
migraines, asthma, dysmenorrhea, leg cramps, diabetes, osteoporosis, heart disease
What are the symptoms of having a magnesium deficiency?
nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, tremors, personality changes, TETANY
What are good sources of magnesium?
seeds, nuts, grains, legumes, dark leafy green veggies
What are some functions of magnesium?
bone mineralization, cofactor, stabilizes ATP, muscle relaxer, vitamin D activation
What is the 4th most abundant mineral in the body?
magnesium
