Toxins

Question 1

Anabena or Aphanizmenan aka _____. Leads to _____.

Answer 1

Blue green algae. hepatotoxic.

Question 2

What is 3-methylindole?

Answer 2

Cattle that are moved to lush forage that is high in tryptophan metabolize the tryptophan to 3-methylindole in the rumen. The 3-MI is toxic to the lung, resulting in acute interstitial pneumonia and emphysema. This syndrome is known as acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema (ABPEE), fog fever or grunts.Necropsy findings showed acute interstitial pneumonia and air filled bullae

Question 3

Bracken Fern is _____ toxin and leads to _________.

Answer 3

bone marrow suppression, as well as alkylation of DNA oxic glycoside (ptaquiloside) plus thiaminase;
leading to tumors,hemorrhages, hematuria, and/or cancers in the bladder or other organs. The bone marrow suppression leads to anemia and neutropenia. Clinical signs include anorexia, weight loss, incoordination, convulsions, wide-based stance, opisthotonos, and death.

Question 4

How do you treat Brodifacoum?

Answer 4

Treatment for this condition requires vitamin K1 administration for 4-6 weeks.

Question 5

What does Cantharidin toxicity called and what does it result in?

Answer 5

Blister Beetle; “Endotoxic Shock and renal failure: often horses are found dead, colickling, or in cardiovascular shock
Cardic arrthymias”

Question 6

What is Cotton Seed/gossypol?

Answer 6

cardiotoxin; “dyspnea, weakness, death

Sudden death in calves and repro trouble in adult cows”

Question 7

What is are cyanide toxins?

Answer 7

cherries, chokecherries, arrow grass, and Sudan grass)

Question 8

What do cyanide toxins cause?

Answer 8

Bright red MM and almond smell;

Question 9

What is the treatment for cyanide toxicity?

Answer 9

sodium nitrate and sodium thiosulfate

Question 10

What disease are eastern tent caterpillars associated with?

Answer 10

Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome

Question 11

What does Mare Reproductive loss syndrome cause?

Answer 11

early and late-term fetal loss, fibrinous pericarditis, neonatal foal death and unilateral uveitis. Seen with , MRLS, occurred in central Kentucky.

Question 12

what do enemas cause in cats?

Answer 12

The correct answer is hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia. Some enemas are high is phosphorus which is rapidly absorbed causing hypocalcemia due to mass action and will result in the clinical signs described

Question 13

What are the fescue toxins?

Answer 13

Ergopeptine alkaloids are ingested by the mare, which act as dopamine agonists. Dopamine serves to inhibit prolactin, thus inhibiting lactation. Placental thickening and weak or stillborn foals may also occur.

Question 14

What does fescue toxicity cause?

Answer 14

prolonged gestation and/or decreased milk production

Question 15

What does Larkspur cause?

Answer 15

general nonspecific signs such as salivation, bloat, muscle fasciculation, collapse, staggering, and death.

Question 16

Toxic principle of locoweed?

Answer 16

alpha-mannosidases

Question 17

What are the CS of locoweed toxicity?

Answer 17

widespread neurovisceral cytoplasmic vacuolation and emaciation, as well as abortion and nervous system abnormalities. in the West

Question 18

What is the toxic principle of Lupine?

Answer 18

alkaloids- sparteine and anagyrine

Question 19

What does Lupine toxicity cause?

Answer 19

cleft palates, arthrogryposis, and crooked spines.

Question 20

What disease is lupine toxicity associated with?

Answer 20

Crooked Calf Syndrome

Question 21

What is the toxic principle of Moldy Sweet Clover?

Answer 21

inhibits Vitamin K

Question 22

Who is Monesin toxic to and who is it given to?

Answer 22

Horses (given to cattle as a coccidiostat)

Question 23

What does monesin cause?

Answer 23

Cardiomyopathy and myocardial necrosis

Question 24

How do you treat monesin toxicity?

Answer 24

“Try to empty GI tract with mineral oil, laxatives and IVF

Can determine prognosis by assessing fractional shortening via ECG(if <20% prog is poor)”

Question 25

What does nitrate toxicity cause?

Answer 25

high respiration rate, increased incidence of diarrhea, reduced feed intake, poor growth, and increased abortions.

Question 26

Who is the most sensitive to non-protein nitrogen poisoning?

Answer 26

ruminants

Question 27

What are the signs of non-protein nitrogen poisoning?

Answer 27

Early signs include muscle tremors (especially of face and ears), exophthalmia, abdominal pain, frothy salivation, polyuria, and bruxism. Tremors progress to incoordination and weakness. Pulmonary edema leads to marked salivation, dyspnea, and gasping.

Question 28

What is the toxic principle of oak?

Answer 28

gallic acid and pyrogallol

Question 29

What are the clinical signs of oak toxicity?

Answer 29

“renal and GI signs as the tannins damage the mucosa

hemorrhagic diarrhea and renal tubular necrosis.”

Question 30

What is the toxic principle of perilla mint?

Answer 30

pneumotoxin that is absorbed and metabolized to a toxic intermediate that damages Type I pneumocytes and bronchiolar epithelial cells. Animals become acutely dyspneic and may begin open-mouth breathing and frothing at the mouth. Necropsy shows wet, heavy, emphysematous lungs.

Question 31

What are the CS of perilla mint?

Answer 31

Animals become acutely dyspneic and may begin open-mouth breathing and frothing at the mouth. Necropsy shows wet, heavy, emphysematous lungs.

Question 32

What are the necropsy findings for perilla mint?

Answer 32

Necropsy shows wet, heavy, emphysematous lungs.

Question 33

What do you see with Phalaris toxicity?

Answer 33

On physical exam you find mature animals stiff-legged with a rabbit-hopping rear limb gait. They also exhibit hyperexcitability, nystagmus, and intentional head tremors.

Question 34

What is grass staggers?

Answer 34

Grass staggers is also the name given to hypomagnesemia in sheep which can develop in sheep grazing lush grass pastures. It is easy to get this condition confused with the intoxication presented in this question due to the similar title of the clinical condition. Symptoms of hypomagnesemia include restlessness, staggers, an over-alert appearance, being excitable, and in some cases, aggressiveness. In severe cases, animals may fall down and go into convulsions or just die without warning.

Question 35

What is the toxic principle of St. John’s Wort? What does it cause?

Answer 35

hypericin; and hypersensitivity

Question 36

What does sorgum toxicity cause?

Answer 36

posterior ataxia or incoordination, cystitis, urinary incontinence (which predisposes both male and female horses to cystitis), and alopecia on the hindlegs due to urine scald. The loss of urinary bladder function is related to degeneration of spinal cord neurons. The incoordination may progress to irreversible flaccid paralysis.

Question 37

What is the toxic principle of sudan grass?

Answer 37

nitrate

Question 38

What are the CS of sudan grass toxicity?

Answer 38

Methhemoglobinemia- blood is chocolate brown; decreases oxygen carrying capacity——> sudden death

Question 39

Treatment for sudan grass toxicity?

Answer 39

Methyelene blue

Question 40

What are the clinical signs of Sweat Pea (Lathryus)?

Answer 40

Stringhault or sudden flexion of both hind limbs (most noticable when backing up or circling); high stepping gait

Question 41

What is the toxic principle of Tansy Ragwort? CS?

Answer 41

pyrrolizidine alkaloid; liver disease

Question 42

what is the toxic principle of Tryptophan?

Answer 42

3-methylindole

Question 43

What are the clinical signs of trypotphan?

Answer 43

“Present in cows that have moved to lush pastures
The 3-MI is toxic to the lung, resulting in acute interstitial pneumonia and emphysema. This syndrome is known as acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema (ABPEE), fog fever or grunts.”

Question 44

What are the CS of zearalenone?

Answer 44

prolonged heat cycle suggest high estrogens. This is a case of cystic ovarian disease. High levels of zearalenone mycotoxins in the feed are the most common cause of cystic ovaries in swine.

Question 45

What are the cs of zinc?

Answer 45

“Pennies minted prior to 1983

Heinz body anemia and hemolysis”