Toxins Flashcards
Anabena or Aphanizmenan aka _____. Leads to _____.
Blue green algae. hepatotoxic.
What is 3-methylindole?
Cattle that are moved to lush forage that is high in tryptophan metabolize the tryptophan to 3-methylindole in the rumen. The 3-MI is toxic to the lung, resulting in acute interstitial pneumonia and emphysema. This syndrome is known as acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema (ABPEE), fog fever or grunts.Necropsy findings showed acute interstitial pneumonia and air filled bullae
Bracken Fern is _____ toxin and leads to _________.
bone marrow suppression, as well as alkylation of DNA oxic glycoside (ptaquiloside) plus thiaminase;
leading to tumors,hemorrhages, hematuria, and/or cancers in the bladder or other organs. The bone marrow suppression leads to anemia and neutropenia. Clinical signs include anorexia, weight loss, incoordination, convulsions, wide-based stance, opisthotonos, and death.
How do you treat Brodifacoum?
Treatment for this condition requires vitamin K1 administration for 4-6 weeks.
What does Cantharidin toxicity called and what does it result in?
Blister Beetle; “Endotoxic Shock and renal failure: often horses are found dead, colickling, or in cardiovascular shock
Cardic arrthymias”
What is Cotton Seed/gossypol?
cardiotoxin; “dyspnea, weakness, death
Sudden death in calves and repro trouble in adult cows”
What is are cyanide toxins?
cherries, chokecherries, arrow grass, and Sudan grass)
What do cyanide toxins cause?
Bright red MM and almond smell;
What is the treatment for cyanide toxicity?
sodium nitrate and sodium thiosulfate
What disease are eastern tent caterpillars associated with?
Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome
What does Mare Reproductive loss syndrome cause?
early and late-term fetal loss, fibrinous pericarditis, neonatal foal death and unilateral uveitis. Seen with , MRLS, occurred in central Kentucky.
what do enemas cause in cats?
The correct answer is hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia. Some enemas are high is phosphorus which is rapidly absorbed causing hypocalcemia due to mass action and will result in the clinical signs described
What are the fescue toxins?
Ergopeptine alkaloids are ingested by the mare, which act as dopamine agonists. Dopamine serves to inhibit prolactin, thus inhibiting lactation. Placental thickening and weak or stillborn foals may also occur.
What does fescue toxicity cause?
prolonged gestation and/or decreased milk production
What does Larkspur cause?
general nonspecific signs such as salivation, bloat, muscle fasciculation, collapse, staggering, and death.
Toxic principle of locoweed?
alpha-mannosidases
What are the CS of locoweed toxicity?
widespread neurovisceral cytoplasmic vacuolation and emaciation, as well as abortion and nervous system abnormalities. in the West
What is the toxic principle of Lupine?
alkaloids- sparteine and anagyrine
What does Lupine toxicity cause?
cleft palates, arthrogryposis, and crooked spines.
What disease is lupine toxicity associated with?
Crooked Calf Syndrome
What is the toxic principle of Moldy Sweet Clover?
inhibits Vitamin K
Who is Monesin toxic to and who is it given to?
Horses (given to cattle as a coccidiostat)
What does monesin cause?
Cardiomyopathy and myocardial necrosis
How do you treat monesin toxicity?
“Try to empty GI tract with mineral oil, laxatives and IVF
Can determine prognosis by assessing fractional shortening via ECG(if <20% prog is poor)”
What does nitrate toxicity cause?
high respiration rate, increased incidence of diarrhea, reduced feed intake, poor growth, and increased abortions.
Who is the most sensitive to non-protein nitrogen poisoning?
ruminants
What are the signs of non-protein nitrogen poisoning?
Early signs include muscle tremors (especially of face and ears), exophthalmia, abdominal pain, frothy salivation, polyuria, and bruxism. Tremors progress to incoordination and weakness. Pulmonary edema leads to marked salivation, dyspnea, and gasping.
What is the toxic principle of oak?
gallic acid and pyrogallol
What are the clinical signs of oak toxicity?
“renal and GI signs as the tannins damage the mucosa
hemorrhagic diarrhea and renal tubular necrosis.”
What is the toxic principle of perilla mint?
pneumotoxin that is absorbed and metabolized to a toxic intermediate that damages Type I pneumocytes and bronchiolar epithelial cells. Animals become acutely dyspneic and may begin open-mouth breathing and frothing at the mouth. Necropsy shows wet, heavy, emphysematous lungs.
What are the CS of perilla mint?
Animals become acutely dyspneic and may begin open-mouth breathing and frothing at the mouth. Necropsy shows wet, heavy, emphysematous lungs.
What are the necropsy findings for perilla mint?
Necropsy shows wet, heavy, emphysematous lungs.
What do you see with Phalaris toxicity?
On physical exam you find mature animals stiff-legged with a rabbit-hopping rear limb gait. They also exhibit hyperexcitability, nystagmus, and intentional head tremors.
What is grass staggers?
Grass staggers is also the name given to hypomagnesemia in sheep which can develop in sheep grazing lush grass pastures. It is easy to get this condition confused with the intoxication presented in this question due to the similar title of the clinical condition. Symptoms of hypomagnesemia include restlessness, staggers, an over-alert appearance, being excitable, and in some cases, aggressiveness. In severe cases, animals may fall down and go into convulsions or just die without warning.
What is the toxic principle of St. John’s Wort? What does it cause?
hypericin; and hypersensitivity
What does sorgum toxicity cause?
posterior ataxia or incoordination, cystitis, urinary incontinence (which predisposes both male and female horses to cystitis), and alopecia on the hindlegs due to urine scald. The loss of urinary bladder function is related to degeneration of spinal cord neurons. The incoordination may progress to irreversible flaccid paralysis.
What is the toxic principle of sudan grass?
nitrate
What are the CS of sudan grass toxicity?
Methhemoglobinemia- blood is chocolate brown; decreases oxygen carrying capacity——> sudden death
Treatment for sudan grass toxicity?
Methyelene blue
What are the clinical signs of Sweat Pea (Lathryus)?
Stringhault or sudden flexion of both hind limbs (most noticable when backing up or circling); high stepping gait
What is the toxic principle of Tansy Ragwort? CS?
pyrrolizidine alkaloid; liver disease
what is the toxic principle of Tryptophan?
3-methylindole
What are the clinical signs of trypotphan?
“Present in cows that have moved to lush pastures
The 3-MI is toxic to the lung, resulting in acute interstitial pneumonia and emphysema. This syndrome is known as acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema (ABPEE), fog fever or grunts.”
What are the CS of zearalenone?
prolonged heat cycle suggest high estrogens. This is a case of cystic ovarian disease. High levels of zearalenone mycotoxins in the feed are the most common cause of cystic ovaries in swine.
What are the cs of zinc?
“Pennies minted prior to 1983
Heinz body anemia and hemolysis”
