Toxicology - Exam 3 Material (From Lecture Slides)

Question 1

Whats analghesia

Answer 1

Ability to decrease pain

• morphine like opiod drugs actiavte oppioid receptors to decrease pain transmission and perception

Question 2

Regarding opioids, what is the antitussive effect?

Answer 2

The antitussive effect is the depression of the laryngeal reflex

Question 3

Discuss the topic of opioids and histamine release

Answer 3

• some opioids, such as morphine can cause histamine release

Histamine can cause vasodilation and hypotension–> NOT good during general anesthesia

Oxymorphone, hydromorphone, and fetanyl do not cause histamine release

Question 4

Discusss the topic of opioid overdose

Answer 4

Acute overdose:
- Cardinal signs: miosis (pin point pupils) in dogs but in cats, the pupils dilate, respiratory depression, coma

Antidotal therapy:
- opioid antagonists: NALOXONE
- supportive respiration

Question 5

What are administration routes for Opioids (i.e, fetanyl)

Answer 5

• Oral
• injection
• IV, SC< IM,
• Spinal/epidural
• Patch

Question 6

Discuss the pahrmacokinetics for opioids

Answer 6

ABsorption: Opioids tends to be well absorbed when administered orally, intramuscularly, or subQ. However, many have substantial fist pass metabolism following oral administration

Question 7

Discuss opium alkaloids

Answer 7

• Morphine:
  - the standard narcotic analgesics
  - can be used for severe pain
  - fairly well tolerated in most spp
  - can stimulate emesis
  - lasts up to 4 hours
• Codeine:
  - antitussive
  - weak analgesic
  -

Question 8

Discuss semisynthetic drugs

Answer 8

• Hydromorphone: Used for mild to severe pain, less histamine release. Still see emesis and nasuea
• ## Fetanyl: well tolerated in dogs and cats, can cause excitation in horses; NOTE that it does NOT cause histamine release

Question 9

When considering vomitotoxin (Trichothecene mycotoxins), discuss the active toxin, clinical signs, and species that are susceptible

Answer 9

1) Deoxynivalenol - DON - vomitotoxin
- found in **grain (wheat)
clinical signs: feed rfusal, regurgitation, vomiting, diahhrea
swine are the most susceptible species
Diagnosis: 1) Test feed 2) Representative sampling –> HOT SPOTS